Essay about False Perception of Equality in Society

In Kurt Vonnegut’s story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† everyone is made equal by the United States Handicapper Genera1 while the country is under totalitarian control. Handicaps are forced upon the people by the Handicapper General to create an all-equal society. The character George Bergeron is forced to stay equal by the government’s laws of equality while his wife, Hazel Bergeron, is of only average intelligence, and consequently not given a handicap. Their son, however, has broken the laws of equality and is fugitive of the United States Handicapper General. The conflict between the United States Handicapper General and the Bergeron family helps to establish and develop the theme of a false perception of equality. George and Hazel Bergeron†¦show more content†¦This shows that George and Hazel are not really equal because even though George no longer has an advantage over Hazel, she now has an advantage over George. She is not confined by the Handicapper General like he is, but is free to go about her day naturally, while he is confined to an inferior quality of life. This false perception of equality allows for the government to rule without obstruction or protest from their citizens because they are more intently focused on building a community that is better for all and less focused on the tyrant government that now exists in the democratic country. Their son sees this tyranny and causes heart ache for the citizen and the government. George and Hazel’s son, Harrison Bergeron, develops the theme of the false perception of equality. Harrison Bergeron knows that he is unequal and rebels against the government, so that he can take over and become Emperor: â€Å"Nobody had ev er borne heavier handicaps. He had outgrown hindrances faster than the H-G men could think them up† (1202). He is required to wear more constraining obstructions because the government is in fear of a rebellion, but even with the stronger handicaps Harrison is able to escape from prison and continue his plot to overthrow the government. As Harrison barges into the theater with all his handicaps on heShow MoreRelatedInequality2240 Words   |  9 PagesPeople are unequal and we should not treat them equally. What is equality? Equality is a state in which every living person is given the same number of opportunity to vent out their ability to its fullest, regardless of gender, race, wealth, religion, and so on. However, in the world of capitalism and libertarianism, people cannot be equal. Each person is born with different amounts of wealth and contrary aspects both physically and mentally, no matter how much people fight for equal humanRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1503 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Dream holds. The American Dream highlights equality and is the quintessential idea that all humans are equal. However, this idea is perceived as an illusion. Due to the social strata, humans are accordingly placed in a hierarchy based on status and wealth. This is clearly evident in the separation between East egg and West egg, two different settings in the novel. The author uses these settings to symbolize false perception of equality and attempts to disprove the ideal that is the AmericanRead MoreComposers Craft Novels in Order to Confront the Key Issues of Their Own Context. Discuss How the Authors of to Kill a Mockingbird and Montana 1948 Achieve This Purpose.14 07 Words   |  6 Pagesexperienced in society and to enlighten society’s current perceptions. Both authors desire to educate responders about the destructive nature of prejudice that disenfranchised individuals experienced and that the corrupt actions of empowered individuals can lead to the detriment of failing to achieve justice. Through narrative voice, contextual features and character development, Lee and Watson achieve this purpose of challenging responders to confront the fundamental issues that society has disregardedRead MoreEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that800 Words   |  4 PagesEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that the African American community needed a renewed sense of belonging, like all the other communities have in this day in age. This sense of being is better known as equality. Webster’s dictionary defines equality as having the same rights, social status and opportunities as others. The African American community has yet to reach a plateau were they are seen as equals. Equalities for African Americans areRead MoreRacial Predujice toward Minority Groups1564 Words   |  6 PagesRacial prejudice toward minority groups has been a problem throughout all of history. While overt racism and prejudice may be diminished from the days of our dark past, covert racism is very much alive. Society loves to embellish on how far the country has come in the fight against racial prejudice by highlighting significant events such as having the first black president. Yet there are still too many instances of subtle racism. In 2011, t here were almost 700,000 incidents of stop and frisk policingRead MoreConflict between Canada and the First Nations Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesway of life. But between the years 1945 and 2010 there have been many changes involving interactions with the First Nations people. Some changes were good, but most of them were bad. Canada does not deserve to be known as a nation that demonstrates equality because it has not given the First Nations people equal rights to their land, it was discriminatory to their culture and way of life, and it has denied them of a safe and legitimate education. From 1945 to 2010 Canada treated the First Nations peopleRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pageshave been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this gender inequality still riddles the modern day workplace. Liberal feminist groups have embraced this issue, and have classified it as being a true barrier to achieving the ultimate gender equality goal. Consequently, these liberal feminists along with general society propose that it may only be through further legal reforms comparable to theRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave By Plato1511 Words   |  7 Pagesideas of knowledge and illusions. These illusions and false perceptions are analogous to a veil or a curtain that we can break through to find further truth in our reality. While separated by time, these authors are able to come to a similar understanding in their philosophies by what seems to be a universal theme of the human experience and our false discernment of truth. Bacon depicted these shadows in a more relatable manner to the society we live in today. His writings talk about four idols thatRead MoreA Critical Study Of World Religions By Craig Martin886 Words   |  4 Pagesmethods in which religion disrupts class equality. He succeeds by using intelligible explanations, arguments, and examples to skeptically understand how man is shaped by religion. Martin uses a functionalistic approach to understand the role religion plays in society, exploring each object with hermeneutical suspicion, believing, for the sake of this study, that any supernatural claims are false. By exploring such concepts as classification, structured society, and habitus, Martin explains how â€Å"weRead MoreThe Ways Oppressions Are Carried Out1481 Words   |  6 Pagesoppressions are carried out, and how they are being dealt with. When society is confronted with those who suffer from a mental illness, people are often uncomfortable and desire to shy away from interactions with them. This is a clear indicator of the stigma that emanates from mental illness. Stigmas are belief systems involve false ideals about a certain group or object. A stigma is developed over a period of time as people circulate false information and ideas about something. The stigma associated with

Medicare and Medicaid Free Essays

Medicare and Medicaid Free Essays Medicare, Medicaid, and Medigap are forms of healthcare programs and policies for United States citizens.   All three were provisioned out of the Social Security Act of 1935 to provided elderly, disabled and needy consumers with an option for healthcare coverage.  Medicare became law in 1965 with the passage of the Social Security Act Amendments of 1965. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medicaid or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The original social security proposal was submitted to congress in 1935 by President Franklin Roosevelt as the Economic Security Bill draft (ssa.gov, 2006).    The draft was later accepted as the Social Security Act in 1935 which was to provide old-age welfare pensions and compulsory contributory social insurance.   Between 1935 and 1965, several other amendments were made to the Social Security Act of 1935.   In 1965, President Linden Johnson signed the Medicare Program law after some 80 revisions and discussion as to who should provide social welfare policy (ssa.gov, 2006).   In 2003, President George Bush signed the Medicare Modernization Act that created the Part D prescription drug benefit. The Medicaid program became law in 1965 under Title XIX of the Social Security Act (cms.hhs.gov, 2006).   The cooperative venture was jointed funded by Federal and State governments to assist states in furnishing medical assistance to eligible needy persons.   Federal statutes provided guidelines to the individual states about regulations and policies, but each state determines their own requirements for eligibility.   Therefore, a person eligible in one state may not be eligible in another state. Medicare is the United States health care program for people over 65.   Certain people younger than 65 qualify under Medicare and include those who have disabilities, permanent kidney failure and Lou Gehrig’s disease (ssa.gov, 2006).  Ã‚   The Medicare program helps people with the cost of health care coverage, but does not completely pay for all expenses.   Medicare is financed by a portion of payroll taxes employees and employers pay to the federal government.   Medicare is also partially financed by monthly premiums deducted from Social Security checks (ssa.gov, 2006).   Medicare has four different parts that help with various healthcare coverage (ssa.gov, 2006): Part A is hospital insurance that helps pay for inpatient, skilled nursing facility, and some hospice care. Part B is medical insurance that helps pay for doctors services and other medical services or supplies not covered by hospital insurance Part C is Medicare Advantage coverage that allows people with both Part A and B to receive all of their healthcare coverage through a particular provider organization contracted with Part C. Part D is prescription coverage which helps to pay for doctor prescribed medications. Medicaid is a different program than Medicare, but they are often confused as one and the same.   Medicaid is a state-run program that provides hospital and medical coverage to those with low income, Supplemental Security Income, or certain disabilities (cms.hhs.gov, 2006).   Each state determines the rules about who is eligible and covered under Medicaid.   Depending on age, disability or income factors, some people qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid. Children may also be eligible for Medicaid if they are U.S citizens, regardless of the legal status of the parents and is based on the child’s status not the parents (cms.hhs.gov, 2006). Medigap is a healthcare policy that is sold by private insurance companies to fill the ‘gaps’ of the original Medicare Plan coverage (medicare.gov, 2006).   Medigap helps to pay some of the healthcare costs that are not covered by Medicare such as prescription drugs, long-term custodial care, and catastrophic illnesses.   In general, people must have both Medicare Part A and B coverage to qualify for medigap policies and policy costs can vary widely. Early marketing problems plagued the medigap industry when insurance companies were misrepresenting insurance products and not giving consumers full access to information they needed.   In 1990, medigap reform legislation had multiple objectives: to simplify the insurance market in order to facilitate policy comparisons; provide consumer choice; provide market stability; promote competition; and avoid adverse selection (Fox, 1996). From the inception of the Medicare Program, the problems with medigap supplemental policies included marketing abuses by companies and agents; low rates of return on premiums; duplicate coverage, and low consumer knowledge (Fox, 1996).   Medicare HMO plans also compete directly with Medigap programs.   Consumers became confused on the services provided by HMO plans versus Medigap, causing problems when choosing appropriate plans.   Problems and confusion about what is covered by Medicare also made medigap policies difficult to decipher.  Ã‚   At one point Medicare covered catastrophic illness in 1988, but that addition was repealed after just one year.   Yet, medigap companies and agents were not clear on what exactly medigap policies would cover if purchased by consumers. In all, Medicare and Medicaid has been instrumental in providing elderly, disabled, and needy persons with healthcare coverage they could not otherwise afford in the private healthcare sector.   Medicare does not provide complete healthcare coverage, but does pay for most expenses incurred.   Medigap are policies that help fill the Medicare ‘gap’ and pay for medical expenses not covered by Medicare.  Ã‚   Medicaid fully pays for the healthcare needs of low or no income families or children by paying providers directly for services rendered.   All three policies are social welfare policies that help Americans have continued access to healthcare during times of decreased income earning abilities. References Cms.hhs.gov, 2006.   Medicaid Program General Overview.   Accessed from    http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ on December 13, 2006. Fox, P. 1996.   Medigap reform legislation of 1990. Healthcare Financing Review.   Accessed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0795/is_n1_v18/ai_19155733 on December 13, 2006. Medicare.gov, 2006.   Medigap Policies.   Accessed from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medicare.gov/medigap/default.asp on December 13, 2006. Ssa.gov, 2006.   Medicare Publication No. 05-10043.   Accessed from How to cite Medicare and Medicaid, Essay examples

Cumulative Knowledge in Strategic Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cumulative Knowledge in Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction P G is the world renowned consumer goods company which was founded in the year 1837. The organization has more than 300 brands with a diverse product portfolio including beauty care products, Gillette products and household care products. P G established joint venture with PG (Guangzhou) Ltd. Headquartered in Guangzhou and entered Mainland China in the year 1988. The greater China business of P G includes Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The Unilever Limited is also a reputed consumer goods company which is headquartered in London, United Kingdom and Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has a diverse product line and product width which includes personal care products, beverages, food, products, cleaning agents and various other products in fast moving consumer goods section. Unilever entered China in the year 1986(unilever.com. 2017).The jointly owned enterprise of Unilever in China is Shanghai Unilever. The business operations of Unilever extend to Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwa n, Mongolia and mainland China. Both P G and Unilever are global fast moving consumer goods companies which have established lucrative market operations in China. The core competencies, capabilities and how these two companies have achieved competitive advantage in China have been analyzed in this report by reviewing the strategic actions undertaken by the two companies (pghongkong.com. 2017). Strategy, Structure and System- Unilever has focused on strategies like building robust supply chain, reducing cost by outsourcing operation, penetrating in emerging markets like China which has a huge population, adopting market penetration strategies by developing a diverse range of umbrella product portfolio with help of its strong R D division. An open communication model and supportive structure at workplace and leaders of the Company deliver faster decision (Priem and Carr 2012). The same is followed by Unilever. Skills and Staff- Unilever has a talented pool of scientists who work in R D division of the company. Apart from this, Unilever has product development experts, professionals like hairdressers and chefs, marketers and employees in supply chain department who work in China. Shared Value and Style-The Unilever brand has centered its business model not only to create profit for shareholders but also to create long term value for its stakeholders. Unilever focuses on accelerating growth in its business in China while enhancing the social impact and implementing sustainability factors by taking measures like reducing environmental footprints (com. 2017). Failure of Decision Chosen by Unilever Initially Unilever faced difficulty to establish its brand in the Chinese market. From 1980s to 1990s the Company entered into large number of joint ventures which failed in China. The organization spent almost $ 800 million in China and each of the 12 ventures had their own product line, sales staff and distribution system. Later the organization integrates all its business units under one holding in China. Apart from this, Unilever hired local employees in China, has set up R D division to develop products which will suit the needs and preferences of Chinese consumers, for instance, Unilever China focused on creating local brands like Hazeline and Lao Cai soy in China and local professionals of China managed global brands of the Company like Dove and Lux. Strategy, Structure and System- P G entered the Chinese market with focus on market research and advertising. The Company entered China with a Joint Venture with Hong Kong Company, Hutchison Whampoa. Another joint venture business was established with Guangzhou Soup Factory. Skills and Staff- P G has skilled staffs across all its divisions in China like RD, supply chain, marketing and human resource. The organization has a program called Connect and Develop which helps PG to stay connected with stakeholders like suppliers (Grant 2016). Shared Value and Style- An organization should focus on values like integrity, ownership and leadership, innovation and passion for winning and trust (Keupp, Palmi and Gassmann 2012). P G adopts the same approach. The organization shows respect for all its stakeholders, boosts the process of innovation and develops superior understanding of customers and their needs in China. The different departments of PG act like one unit in China and send only one invoice to retailers. However, Unilever send different invoices and sales people to retailers in China who compete with one another. Thus PG dominates shelf space of retailers more than Unilever in China. Failure of the decision chosen by PG Initially P G failed to gain market share and earn enough revenue in China because the Company developed less quality products for the Chinese market to reduce cost. For instance, P Gs disposable nappies Pampers were a flop in China in the year 1998. Initially the organization supplied nappies of poor quality to reduce cost with the apprehension that Chinese parents will buy them. However, later P G had to add extra softness to the nappy, increased the absorption capacity and moved manufacturing capacity for Pampers in China to reduce cost. Also, the Company made huge investment on advertising campaigns and associated nappies with longer sleep for babies. Thus the strategy, structure and system of P G focuses on customizing products for Chinese consumers and investing on open communication, heavy advertisement and promotion strategy to create awareness among Chinese consumers(pghongkong.com. 2017). The Porters 5 forces Model will help in the analysis of the five forces which will help to determine the competition within the industry. The five forces for P G and Unilever Ltd. which will be analyzed are Threat of New Entry, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, Bargaining Power of Buyers, Threat of Substitutes and Competitive Rivalry (Gamble and Thompson 2014). Bargaining Power of Supplier- The buying power of suppliers of Unilever is low as the organization adopts a policy of local buying and local manufacturing. Unilever has signed blanket agreement with its suppliers which supplies products to the Company for a certain period of time at a certain rate. Bargaining Power of Customers- The bargaining power of customers of Unilever is medium high because customers have low switching cost for fast moving consumer goods. Threat of new entrants- The brand image of Unilever acts as a strong barrier for new entrants to compete with the organization. Market Rivalry of Unilever- The major competitors of Unilever are Nestle, P G and Chinese local brands like Dali Group and Haday. Threat of Substitutes- The threat of substitutes for Unilever is quite high because of the fast moving consumer products which are easy to imitate (com. 2017). Porters 5 forces Analysis of P G Bargaining Power of Suppliers- Suppliers of P G in China need key customers like P G for generating profit. The suppliers of the organization in China have low bargaining power because P G is a reputed brand with a huge customer base. Bargaining Power of Consumers- The bargaining power of consumers of P G is medium high, for instance, P G has to rely on supermarkets of China and online giant Alibaba to sell its products in China. Alibaba will have more bargaining power. Moreover, the products of P G are in fast-moving consumer goods section where consumers have lower switching costs and thus PG has to price its products competitively. Threat of substitutes- For P G, threat of substitutes is quite high. The organization manufactures products in consumer goods section like shampoo, detergent, soap. These fast-moving consumer goods products can be easily substituted. Threat of new entrants- For P G, threat of new entrants for the Chinese market is low. This is because the organization has significant amount of market shares. Thus, a new entrant would require huge investment on marketing, promotion and R D to compete with PG. Market rivalry of P G- The rivals of P G in China are Unilever, Nestle, Chinese brands like Yili and Mengniu, Liby, Dali Group and Haday (com. 2017) iii) The Porters Generic Strategy Model of P G and Unilever Ltd are analyzed to contemplate the various ways by which these two companies gain competitive advantage (Wheelen and Hunger 2017).The different strategies of Porters Generic Strategy model are Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus. The Focus Strategy can be subdivided into two parts Cost Focus and Differentiation Focus (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). Unilever uses the Porters generic strategy of broad differentiation. The organization focuses on product development approaches by adding more features in the products based on specific market needs of consumers. For Unilever, the products are specially designed to suit customers needs (unilever.com. 2017). The generic strategy adopted by P G is also differentiation like Unilever. The organization highlights value and quality in consumer goods products in China. The organization invests on RD to build a diverse product portfolio with highly differentiated product ranges and PG adopts marketing strategies that create customer awareness about the uniqueness of each product line (pghongkong.com. 2017). Blue Ocean Strategy of Unilever and PG The Competitors in the marketplace create a red ocean for companies resulting in cutthroat competition. In order to sustain in the marketplace for a longer period of time, Unilever and PG have explored untapped market opportunities free from competitors thus adopting a Blue Ocean Strategy for them(Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The Blue Ocean strategy is adopted by both Unilever and PG as they try to gain competitive advantage by penetrating into untapped markets. Both the companies utilizes revenue generated from well established brands to venture into new markets and build an umbrella of diverse product categories, for instance, Unilever entered into water purifying business in China by acquiring Qinyuan Group and PG changed views of consumers of China who relied on cloth diapers by introducing Pampers disposable diapers in China which initially failed but was a huge success in future due to marketing campaigns like Golden Sleep in 2007 which associated disposable diapers with longer sleep in China and thus P G gained first mover advantage in diapers market in China(pghongkong.com. 2017). The Ansoff Matrix will help in the analysis of growth strategies of P G and Unilever Ltd. The four strategies of this grid are Market Penetration (existing products for existing markets), Product Development (new products for existing markets), market development (existing products for new market) and Diversification (new products and new markets)( Harrison and John 2013). Product Development- Unilever constantly focuses on new product development in China. The organization focuses on extending the product line and adding more product width within each line. Amora, Clear, Dove, Knorr, Lipton, Lux, Magnum, Rexona, Ponds, Domestos, Hellmans, OMO are some of the brands of Unilever in China (com. 2017). Market Penetration- Unilever adopts Market Penetration Strategy in China by selling existing products for existing market with competitive pricing, sales promotion and advertising. For instance, Unilever has Dove and Lux in the same product line of soap with different pricing strategy. Dove targets upper segment of market with a premium price whereas Lux is more reasonably priced which is a market penetration strategy of Unilver. Market Development- Unilever constantly develops new market for existing products. Apart from selling its products in Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mongolia and mainland China, Unilever also sells products in various countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Netherlands, and India Unilever sells products. Diversification- R D divisions of Unilever help the company to diversify its product range. For instance, the organization has umbrella product portfolio ranging from personal care products, beverages, food, products, cleaning agents and the company sells these products to new markets (com. 2017). Product Development-The R D division of P G helps the company to extend its product line and add more products in the range of hair care, skin care, baby care, powder detergent. For instance, the company developed like Campbells soup and Pampers which initially failed in China but later gained popularity. Market Penetration- P G adds more product width within the same product line with products priced differently to target different markets segments and for penetrating in the market. For instance, P G has products Tide and Ariel in the same category of detergents for market penetration. Market Development- The different pricing policies for the umbrella product range of a company helps in market development (Bettis et al. 2016).P G adopts similar approach. Diversification- P G has diverse range of product portfolio like Olay, Safeguard, Pampers, Rejoice, Tide, and Gillette which are in different product categories like skincare, personal cleansing, baby care, powder detergent range. P G has entered new markets in different parts across the globe like America, Asia, Western Europe, and Africa apart from China (pghongkong.com. 2017). One of the noteworthy acquisition of Unilever in China was acquisition of Qinyuan Group Co. Ltd.- a water purifier company in the year 2014 which will compliment its Pureit wate water purification business. Unilever also purchased hair product business of TIGI and Sara Lees Personal Care Business. Alliances and acquisitions are thus important strategies for business (Rothaermel 2015). The most famous acquisition of P G was in the year 2005, when the organization acquired Gillette. The well known products of Gillette were Oral-B, Duracell, March 3 razor, Barun. This acquisition gave PG access to new markets in the male grooming segment. The global sales of the company rose to $76.5 billion in 2007 due to this acquisition (pghongkong.com. 2017). Conclusion It can be concluded that PG and Unilever are both fast moving consumer goods with many common strategies like both has adopted differentiation strategy of Porters Generic Strategy Model. Both the companies started operations in China in the second half on 1980s, Unilever began its operations in Sanghai and PG started operations in Guangzhou. However, in 1999, revenues of PG in China reached almost $1 billion while that of Unilever was around $300 million. This was because Unilever entered into 12 ventures in China which had equal number of Chinese entities. But PG focused on gaining trust of Chinese partners and has just one partner in Mainland China which was a unit of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. China is a home of more than a billion people, but the Chinese people do not readily accept foreign brands. P G was more successful in gaining trust of local partners and products like Rejoice shampoo, Crest toothpaste of PG dominated the shelf-space of China mor e than Lux and Close-Up toothpaste of Unilever. Recommendations It is recommended that Unilever must try to integrate its business processes. The different joint ventures of Unilever should not have different product lines and staffs. The organization should try to gain trust of Chinese partner and should have a unified corporate culture and brand identity in China. The distribution system for the different product lines of the joint venture of Unilever in China should be centralized. For PG it is recommended, that the organization should focus on market research and improving the quality of its products. The Pampers diapers failed in the market because PG provided poor quality diapers for Chinese market to cut cost. The organization should not compromise on quality. Instead, P G can cut cost by shifting manufacturing divisions in China. Also, PG should focus on RD and innovation to develop new products customized for Chinese customers. References Bettis, R.A., Ethiraj, S., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2016. Creating repeatable cumulative knowledge in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.257-261. Frynas, J.G. and Mellahi, K., 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Gamble, J.E. and Thompson, A.A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Harrison, J.S. and John, C.H.S., 2013.Foundations in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014.Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Keupp, M.M., Palmi, M. and Gassmann, O., 2012. The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.367-390. Lasserre, P., 2012.Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management. Springer. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013.Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Priem, R.L., Li, S. and Carr, J.C., 2012. Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research.Journal of management,38(1), pp.346-374. unilever.com. 2017.unilever. [online] Available at: https://www.unilever.com/about/innovation/our-r-and-d-locations/shanghai-china/ [Accessed 29 Oct. 2017]. pghongkong.com. 2017.p g china. [online] Available at: https://www.pghongkong.com/en-US/Company/China.aspx [Accessed 29 Oct. 2017]. unilever.com. 2017.china unilever. [online] Available at: https://www.unilever.com/news/news-and-features/Feature-article/2016/Unilever-China-Recognition.html [Accessed 29 Oct. 2017]. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons.

Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling

We live in time when the beneficence of many socio-political and judicial policies, currently institutionalized in Western countries, is being increasingly doubted not only by ordinary citizens but by governmental top officials, as well.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, up until comparatively recent times, it used to be considered something utterly unlikely for the governmental official from a country that officially takes pride in being multicultural, to come up with public statements against ‘celebration of diversity’ policy. Nowadays, this is no longer the case – on October 17, 2010, German Chancellor Angela Merkel had officially declared that the policy of multiculturalism in Germany had failed miserably. In his article, Weaver (2010) quotes Merkel: â€Å"This [multicultural] approach has failed , utterly failed† (Guardian.co.uk). Therefore, it is only logical to expect that in very near future, the validity of many previously unquestionable multiculturalism-related and ideologically charged notions, such as the assumption that the practice of racial profiling by police is utterly inappropriate, would be revised. In our paper, we will aim at substantiating this thesis to a further extent. Even a brief glimpse on how the concept of racial profiling is being defined by social scientists and political activists that consider themselves particularly ‘progressive’ (read – affiliated with neo-Liberal agenda), reveals an undeniable fact that, while coming up with a definition, these people intentionally strive to emphasize concept’s moral unsuitability. For example, according to Banks (2001): â€Å"Racial profiling constitutes the intentional consideration of race in a manner that disparately impacts certain racial minority groups, contributing to the disproportionate investigation, detention, and mistreatment of innocent members of those groups† (p. 1077). The definition of racial profiling by Ramirez et al. (2000) appears being just as emotionally charged: â€Å"Any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity† (p. 3).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both of these definitions, of course, were meant to expose the policy of racial profiling as being inheritably wicked and above all – scientifically unsubstantiated, as definitions’ very sounding implies that there is no link between the notion of race and the notion of crime. Nevertheless, as crime-related statistical data in dicates – the specifics of a particular individual’s biological constitution are indeed reflective of his or her tendency to indulge in anti-social behavior. According to statistical data, available on the web site of U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2009, out of 125,910 incidents of rape/sexual assault, African-Americans perpetrated 110,100 – that is, despite the fact that as of 2009, African-Americans constituted only 13.5% of America’s total population. Therefore, the suggestions that crime has color are absolutely legitimate, at least from statistical point of view. This is why, even though the ideological censorship of political correctness has not yet ceased being an integral element of public discourse in the West, many intellectually honest political scientists find it impossible to refrain from mentioning certain things, of which ordinary citizens are being perfectly aware. Risse and Zeckhauser’s (2004) article substantiates the valid ity of an earlier statement, as it does promote the idea that, when being assessed from conceptual perspective, the policy of racial profiling appears scientifically credible: â€Å"There is a significant correlation between membership in certain racial groups and the tendency to commit certain crimes† (p. 132). In its turn, this explains why, as time goes by; the process of designing crime prevention policies in the U.S. and other Western countries continues to be increasingly affected by considerations of racial profiling, although in rather subtle manner. In their article, Hernandez-Murillo and Knowles (2004) state: â€Å"According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2001), 16 state police agencies required collection of race and ethnicity data for all traffic stops as of March 2001, compared to only seven states in 1999† (p. 959). Thus, as of today, we have a peculiar situation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On one hand, the very idea of racial profiling continues to draw ever-increased amounts of public criticism, with the stories about racist-minded White police officers being discriminate against representatives of racial minorities appearing not only in tabloid press and T.V. but also in many academic journals, with the authors of anti-racial profiling articles and studies suggesting that statistical data indicate that, despite being forbidden to have their decisions affected by different forms of racial biases, officers continue to treat non-Whites in particularly harsh manner. In their study, Anwar and Fang (2006) state: â€Å"Data on trooper searches continue to show that higher proportion of troopers tend to search a minority motorists than white motorists† (p. 127). Some authors go even as far as implying the there is a certain conspirological aspect in how representatives of racial minorities are being subjected to racial profiling. According to Hurwitz and Peffley (2005): â€Å"Crimes with white victims generate significantly faster police response times, higher probabilities of arrest and prosecution, and more ‘vigilant’ investigative strategies. There is also a sub ­stantial bias due to the race of the suspect with officers more likely to use more force, arrest, and traffic profiling with black than white suspects† (p. 765). On the other hand; however, the validity of an idea that the extent of one’s criminal mindedness is being rather biologically then environmentally predetermined, appears to be favored by the growing number of biologists and practicing criminologists, which why the concept of so-called ‘managerial penology’ has now achieved a full academic legitimacy. According to proponents of ‘managerial penology’, it makes very little sense to believe that, after having ‘done timeà ¢â‚¬â„¢ in jail, criminals would be able to reconsider their anti-social behavior and to reintegrate into society, simply because it is not the poverty, lack of education, or the exposal to racism, that turns one into a criminal, but rather the particulars of his or her biological constitution. As Feeley and Simon (1992) had put it in their article: â€Å"The new penology is neither about punishing nor about rehabilitating individuals. It is about identifying and managing unruly groups. It is concerned with the rationality, not of individual behavior nor even of community organization, but of managerial processes. Its goal is not to eliminate crime but to make it tolerable through systemic coordination† (p. 452). Apparently, for individuals as Feeley and Simon, it is perfectly clear that the reason why representatives of racial minorities are more likely than Whites to be stopped and searched by cops, for seemingly nor reason, is that they are more predisposed towards committ ing crimes – plain and simple.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In their book Heumann and Cassak (2003) had made a good point, while implying that one’s tendency to refer to racial profiling as morally despicable or as entirely legitimate and valid crime-combating practice, depends on a perspective from which one chooses to discuss the issue: â€Å"We learned that profiling was, and is, a laudable police practice, some ­thing quite different from the ‘profiling’ of popular dis ­course. A ‘profiler’ is, in fact, a skilled law enforcement offi ­cer trained in drawing inferences about wrongdoers in a patterned series of cases† (p. 5). The fact that different people seem to adopt often diametrically opposite views on racial profiling, suggests that the public outcry, directed against legitimization of this policy, is discourse-related. In other words, it is namely because, during the course of last twenty-thirty years, citizens in Western countries were made to believe in the beneficence of ‘multic ulturalism’ and ‘political correctness’, which explains why many of these citizens tend to think of racial profiling as something utterly horrible. Yet, such their attitude can the least referred to as rationally motivated – after having been instilled with the irrational belief in people’s equality, most citizens find it emotionally uncomfortable to reconsider many of their discourse-related opinions, based upon such a belief. This; however, does not mean that their negative opinions, in regards to the subject matter, cannot be challenged – just as it has always been the case, throughout the course of human history, while opposing science, the irrationally defined ‘morality’ simply does not stand a chance, whatsoever. And, it is namely the revolutionary breakthroughs in the fields of genetics, medicine and I.T. that had taken place during the course of last century (particularly during the course of last few decades), upon which the proponents of racial profiling base their arguments. In the next part of our paper, we will explore this idea at length. In 1895, the founder of Positivist Criminology Cesare Lombroso had published his famous book L’Homme Criminel (Criminal Man), in which he had proven beyond any reasonable doubt that individual’s likelihood to commit especially horrendous criminal acts is being reflected by the extent of such individual’s anthropological atavism. According to Lombroso, the more physical appearance of a particular individual is being affected by anthropological atavism, the more such an individual would be likely to act as a slave to its animalistic urges, extrapolated in his or her tendency to act as ‘natural born criminal’: â€Å"Atavism remains one of the most constant characteristics of the born criminal, in spite of, or rather together with pathology. Many of the characteristics of primitive man are also commonly found in the born crimin al, including low, sloping foreheads, overdeveloped sinuses, overdevelopment of jaws and cheekbones, prognathism, oblique and large eye sockets, dark skin† (2006, p. 222). The reason why bearers of atavistic traits appear being genetically predisposed towards committing crime is that their biological underdevelopment prevents them from being able to suppress their animalistic urges while living as the members of a society ruled by law. On evolutionary ladder, such individuals are being placed in the middle between the species of primates and the species of homo sapiens. It is perfectly understandable that, in society where the policy of multiculturalism enjoys an official status, and where politically active citizens are being often accused of uttering ‘hate speech’, while simply articulating their opinions publically, there are simply no objectively existing preconditions for law enforcement agencies to officially incorporate Lombroso’s theory as an integr al part of deployed investigative techniques. However, this does not make the methodology of Positivist Criminology less valid, especially in the light of recent genetics-related scientific discoveries. As it was pointed out by Williams (2007): â€Å"He (Lombroso) first hypothesized that the tendency to commit crime was mirrored in the physical characteristics, or physiognomy, of the criminal, including such factors as race and color†¦ As gene research advances, some behavioural traits that were designated as learned are being cast into doubt and reclassified as innate† (Humanities Social Sciences). This is exactly the reason why, despite the fact that the theory of Positivist Criminology is still being officially regarded as ‘non-scientific’, police officers do resort to its utilization, especially in times when society applies an additional pressure upon them to increase the effectiveness of their crime-combating strategies. For example, during the course of a few days, before the opening of Moscow Olympics in 1982, Moscow’s police had simply gathered up city’s residents with clearly defined atavistic traits about their appearance and had sent them outside of the city, for duration of Olympic Games. As a result, not a single incident of criminal activity has been reported in this city of eight millions, while the Games were on. Therefore, the practice of racial profiling should actually be referred to as the practice of ‘atavistic profiling’ – in the eyes of a police officer, it makes very little difference whether the potential suspect is Black or White, but only whether suspect’s physical appearance radiates viciousness. The fact that the representatives of racial minorities are more likely to complain about being ‘profiled’ than Whites, has nothing to do with police’s racialist maliciousness, but rather with ‘ethnically unique’ citizens’ lessened val ue as representatives of homo sapiens specie. Despite seeming inappropriateness of an earlier statement, its legitimacy can be proven with ease. For example, we are all aware of what happened to former Europe’s colonies in Africa, after these colonies had shaken off the ‘yoke of White oppression’ – within a matter of decade, after the ‘liberation’, African tribal societies have regressed back to the state of primeval savagery. As of today, essentially the whole continent of Africa (with probable exception of South Africa and Africa’s Islamic states) has been effectively reduced into the battleground for tribal war of ‘everybody against everybody’. And, it is namely the raging epidemic of gang-rape, which defines the criminological realities in today’s Africa. In her article, Moore (2005) states: â€Å"According to estimated figures, sixty children are raped every day in South Africa. Children under eighteen years of age represent an estimated 40% of South African rape victims†¦ It is a popular myth in AIDS-ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin cures the disease† (p. 1469). While being confronted with unsightly realities of post-colonial Africa, liberally minded Western social scientists continue to blame just about everything on the ‘legacy of colonial oppression’. For example, while trying to come up with explanation as to why in today’s South Africa, women are being recommended not to leave their house alone, in her article Moffett (2006) says: â€Å"I argue that contemporary sexual violence in South Africa is fuelled by justificatory narratives that are rooted in apartheid practices that legitimated violence by the dominant group against the disempowered† (p. 129). Nevertheless, despite her article’s superficial sophistication, author had failed at explaining why someone, presumably ‘underpowered’ and ‘hungryâ€⠄¢, would think of raping women as such that constitutes his life’s foremost priority? In order for us to address this question, we will need to make reference to one of the most recent scientific publications that effectively dispels the myth of people’s equality, upon which the critics of racial profiling base their arguments. In their book I.Q. and the wealth of nations, Lynn and Vanhanen (2002) were able to prove that, the actual reason why Africa’s natives continue to suffer from poverty, while never ceasing to explore their criminal-mindedness by gang-raping women and by indulging in tribal warfare, has nothing to do with the ‘legacy of apartheid’, but with the simple fact that, in terms of intellectual development, most Africa’s natives did not advance too far from their immediate biological predecessors: â€Å"I.Q.s appear to be determined by the racial and ethnic make-up of the populations†¦ The I.Q.s of 96 are typical of Euro peans. The countries with lower proportions of Europeans and higher proportions of Native Americans, Blacks, and Mestizos have lower I.Q.s† (p. 63). According to Lynn and Vanhanen, in such African countries as Equatorial Guinea and Central African Republic, the average rate of citizens’ Intellectual Quotidian (I.Q.) is being estimated as low as 50; whereas, Whites that score lower than 70, while I.Q. tested, are being declared mentally deficient. And, one’s inability to operate with abstract categories, reflected by his or her particularly low I.Q. score, is nothing but an indication of person’s existential atavism. Why is it that the perpetrators of particularly violent crimes often have a hard time realizing the sheer wickedness of their criminal behavior? This is because, due to their intellectual primitiveness, most of these criminals do not even understand what the concept of morality stands for, in the first place. The reason why Medias refer to part icularly gruesome crimes as ‘inhuman’, ‘bestial’ and ‘savage’, is that their perpetrators cannot be assumed fully human. The qualitative essence of their existential mode, reflected by the extent of their atavistic criminal-mindedness, is being predetermined by objectively existing biological laws, which apply to people as much as they apply to animals and plants. For example, dog breeders are well aware of the fact that particularly vicious dogs are always the ones that had been affected by crossbreeding the most. Pit-bulls, famed for their unprovoked attacks on even small children, have been artificially cross-breaded out of genetic pool, associated with thirty different dog pedigrees. Apparently, the same applies to people – the more they are being affected by racial mongrelization, the more they will be likely to derive pleasure out of indulging in criminally violent behavior. Out of 812 acts of homicide that had taken place in Puert o-Rico, during the course of 2009, only 25 were recognized as having been premeditated. This explains country police’s utter operational inefficiency in trying to prevent crime – unlike what it is the case among Whites, even a slightest domestic dispute among Puerto-Ricans can unpredictably escalate into a full-scale gunfight. There is also a sociological aspect to our line of argumentation – apart from the fact that in many instances, people who complain about being ‘racially profiled’ appear ‘natural born criminals’ from anthropological point of view, it is perfectly logical for police officers to treat them with suspicion, on the account of these people being endowed with collectivist mentality alone. In her article, Mkabela (2005) states: â€Å"Most African worldviews emphasize belongingness, connectedness, community participation and people centeredness† (p. 180). In all probability, it never occurred to the author that her characterization of African worldviews could also be used to define the subtleties of how people from Third World address life’s challenges, in general. Unlike what it is the case with urbanized Whites, known for their intellectual openness and their ability to adjust their behavior to the demands of impersonal law, representatives of racial minorities in Western countries consciously choose in favor of essentially tribal mode of existence, while never ceasing to manifest the strength of their primitive religiosity, whenever opportunity presents itself. Immediately, after having arrived to Western countries, instead of trying to integrate into the host society, ‘ethnically unique’ immigrants embark upon creation of their own societies within the society. In its turn, this explains why nowadays, every large Western city features its own ethnic ‘ghettos’, where residents feel comparatively safe while indulging in criminal behavior – after all, c ops try not to enter these ‘ghettos’, even while being called upon, in order not to provoke racial riots. It appears that many representatives of racial minorities simply do not realize a simple fact that that the strength of their tribal ‘belongingness’ and ‘connectedness’, is being counter-proportionate to their ability to function as productive members of post-industrial urban societies. In the eyes of tribally minded individual, the notions of Western civil and criminal laws have no significance, simply because such an individual lives by his own tribal laws, the most important of which are: make babies, invite more relatives to come to the country, and demand even more individual rights and privileges. And, people who prefer observing their own tribal/religious laws, as opposed to observing Western secular and impersonal laws, are best described as criminals-in-making, because they perceive the very concept of civil law as something utterl y alien to the workings of their mentality. This is why, upon being exposed to the sight of ‘ethnically unique’ person, with the towel wrapped around his head, police officers would be naturally inclined to ask such an individual for I.D., especially if encountering him at the airport or another public place. Therefore, under no circumstances should we refer to police officers’ tendency to utilize racial profiling as the indication of their professional unfitness – one the contrary, the more they appear being comfortable with the concept, the better would be their chances to attain professional excellence. Apparently, police officers’ tendency to treat representatives of racial minorities with suspicion is not an indication of their irrational biasness towards the people of color, but rather an indication of their psychological adequateness. After all, we do not accuse people who refuse to jump in the lake filled with hungry crocodiles of being â₠¬Ëœbiased’ against the reptiles. Similarly, we cannot be accusing cops for being extra vigilant, while dealing with people whose biological/mental constitution makes them predisposed towards committing crime, without giving any seconds thoughts, whatsoever. Thus, the fact that a variety of strongly negative connotations is being currently ascribed to the policy of racial profiling, should be discussed as yet another proof that the process of designing socio-political policies in America continues to be the least observant of the notion of sanity. For example, just as acquittal of O.J. Simpson in 1995 had shown, in today’s America it is quite possible for ‘ethnically unique’ perpetrator of a violent crime to walk out of the courtroom a free man, if his or her defenders prove that the element of racial profiling did play part in how investigators proceeded with executing their professional duties. During the course of L.A. racial riots in 1992, police office rs had been given an unofficial order not to get involved, even in time when Whites were dragged out of their cars and killed on the spot by the raging mobs of Blacks, in front of cops’ very eyes. In the aftermath of hurricane Katrina that had struck New Orleans in 2005, city’s White residents had suddenly realized that they could only rely upon themselves, when it came to defending their property from hordes of looting Blacks – cops simply would not get involved, while being terribly afraid of losing their jobs, on account of ‘racial profiling’ accusations. It appears that, just as it is being the case with racism/multiculturalism related discourse, racial-profiling related discourse is best discussed in terms of psychiatry. At first, ‘progressive’ policy-makers create preconditions for criminally minded people from Third World, affected by anthropological and intellectual atavism, to be able to immigrate to America. After that, the sa me policy-makers occupy themselves with trying to figure out how newly arrived immigrants’ inborn criminal mindedness can be addressed, without references being make to the specifics of these people’s racial affiliation. As a popular saying goes – when God decides to punish people, he deprives them of their ability to think logically. It is needless to mention, of course, that while trying to increase the levels of interracial tolerance in American society, the neo-Marxian proponents of a welfare state (which they envision as a multicultural utopia, where citizens’ celebrate diversity’ 24/7), never cease preferring to reside in White suburbia, on the account of suburbia’s schools being ‘better’ and streets being ‘safer’. Therefore, in order for these people to reconsider their views on racial profiling, they would have to be prompted to take a leisurely stroll along the street in just about any ethnic ‘ghettoà ¢â‚¬â„¢, after it gets dark. The earlier articulated arguments point to the fact that, within the contextual framework of discourse about racial profiling, there can be only two sides: the side of sanity and the side multiculturalism-related insanity. In its turn, this explains an utter methodological inconsistency in how law enforcement agencies go about ensuring citizens’ safety. On one hand, many spokespersons for these agencies never get tired defending the appropriateness of a practice of taking tubes with toothpaste away from the passengers, before they board planes, regardless of passengers’ ethnic affiliation. But on another hand, they simultaneously speak in favor of allowing specific categories of citizens to be exempted from the law, due to these citizens’ inability to even understand what the concept of secular and impersonal law is all about. For example, during the course of 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Sikh-Canadians were allowed to carry hu ge daggers in public, as these people’s lawyers had proven that forbidding Sikh-Canadians to carry illegal knives in public would constitute the violation of their civil rights. In his article, Kaur (2009) states: â€Å"Sikhs will be able to carry a kirpan (Sikh article of faith), to Olympic events if they adhere to a number of conditions, the Vancouver 2010 Integrated Security Unit has announced. ISU doesn’t expect the religious item will pose an additional risk at venues† (Global Sikh News). To paraphrase George Orwell – all people are equal, but some people are more equal than the others are. As we have illustrated in the earlier parts of this paper, the policy of racial profiling is scientifically legitimate, even though people who lack education would most definitely think otherwise. In a similar manner, during the course of 19th century, uneducated people thought of a practice of vaccination as ‘morally wicked’. Yet, the practical imple mentation of this policy in the realm of public health care had helped saving millions of lives. Given the fact that many historical parallels could be drawn between the policy of enforced vaccination and the policy of racial profiling (both policies continue to be actively resisted by self-proclaimed ‘experts on morality’), it would not be much of an exaggeration to suggest that the full implementation of policy of racial profiling in the realm of American jurisprudence, would result in drastic improvement of criminological situation in this country. There is only one barrier on the way of such implementation – the fact that many Americans continue to profess the values of multiculturalism as representing an undeniable truth-value. However, there are good reasons to believe that it is only the matter of time, before America would follow the footsteps of Switzerland and Germany, where policy-makers had proven themselves responsible enough to end the insanity of m ulticulturalism, at least in conceptual sense of this word. And, once the hawks of multiculturalism are being stripped of their governmental offices, there would be very little resistance on the way of racial profiling full legitimization. As it happened many times, throughout the course of history, once science triumphs over ‘morality’ and artificially induced ‘tolerance’, the society where it happened automatically becomes much more tolerant and moral. References Anwar, S. Fang, H. (2006). An alternative test of racial prejudice in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence. The American Economic Review  96(1), 127-151. Banks, R. (2001). Race-based suspect selection and colorblind equal protection doctrine and discourse. UCLA Law Review 48(2), 1075-124. Feeley, M. Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications, Criminology 30(4), 449–474. Hernandez-Murillo, R. Knowles, J. (2004). Racial profiling or racist policing?  International Economic Review 45(3), 959-989. Heumann, M. Cassak, L. (2003). Good cop, bad cop: Racial profiling and  competing views of justice in America. Studies in crime and punishment. New York: Peter Lang. Hulme, D. (1990). The political Olympics: Moscow, Afghanistan, and the 1980  U.S. boycott. New York, Praeger. Hurwitz, J. Peffley, M. (2005). Explaining the great racial divide: Perceptions of fairness in the U.S. criminal justice system. The Journal of Politics 67(3), 762- 783. Kaur, A. (2009). Sikh can carry kirpans to Olympics events in Canada. Global  Sikh News. Web. Lombroso, C. (1911) 2006. Criminal man. Durham: Duke University Press. Lynn, R. Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. Mkabela, Q. (2005). Using Afrocentric method in researching indigenous African culture. Qualitative Report 10(1), 178-189. Moffett, H. (2006). ‘These women, they force us to rape them†™: Rape as narrative of social control in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Southern African  Studies 32(1), 129-144. Moore, A. (2005). Endangered species: Examining South Africa’s national rape crisis and its legislative attempt to protect its most vulnerable citizens.  Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 38(5),1469-98. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2006). Homicides among children and  young adults – Puerto Rico, 1999 – 2003. Web. Ramirez, D. et al. (2000). A resource guide on racial profiling data col ­lection  systems: Promising practices and lessons learned. Boston: Northeast ­ern University Press. Risse, M. Zeckhauser, R. (2004). Racial profiling. Philosophy and Public Affairs  32(2), 131-170. U.S. Department of Justice. (2009). Criminal Victimization, 2009. Web. Weaver, M. (2010). Angela Merkel: German multiculturalism has ‘utterly failed’. Guardian.co.uk. Web. Williams, I. (2007). Criminal man rediscovered. Humanities Social Sciences  Online. Web. This research paper on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Scale Your Business Reach a Larger Audience [PODCAST]

How to Scale Your Business Reach a Larger Audience [PODCAST] How can you scale a business with marketing? To answer that question, we’re going to be talking to Brandon Andersen, the chief strategist at Ceralytics. He’s going to share with us why failure helps you improve, how to overcome your marketing challenges, and how to position your business differently than your competition does. Brandon has focused on some key marketing tactics that have really paid off, and today you’re going to learn how to implement some of them to begin reaching a much larger audience. Some of the highlights of the show include: Some information about Ceralytics and what Brandon does there as the chief strategist, as well as what Brandon did before Ceralytics. Some of the marketing challenges that Brandon faced as he moved Ceralytics from a startup to a successful company, as well as how they got past those challenges. The concept of a blue ocean: what it is and why it’s important. Successful things that Brandon did right away to build an audience in the early days of the company. How focusing on influencer is a great marketing tactic. A step-by-step way to build relationships with influencers. Tips on getting into guesting. Brandon’s best tips on marketing strategy and how to build one as a new marketer. Links: Brandon Andersen Ceralytics Content Marketing Institute research The 10x Marketing Formula If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Brandon: â€Å"Marketing strategy will impact every piece of your business and it should be tied to every piece of your business.† â€Å"Those early days are going be really rough. You’re all gonna be trying to finding your way. You need to communicate with each other and really listen to what each other has to say.†

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section I wrote this article for New Grad Life, so its catered to new grads, but a lot of the advice is relevant to anyone who has significant items to include under Education.   Of course, if youve been out of school for 10 years, do NOT put the Education section first (that advice is for new grads only)!   A possible exception is if you are applying for a job at a university where the name of your undergraduate or graduate institution is the most important credential you have on your resume. Read here: 5 Great Tips to Organize Your Education Section Category:Resume TipsBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 6, 2010

Describe the ideas and influence of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim as Essay

Describe the ideas and influence of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim as these may relate to an understanding of management in society - Essay Example he thesis and antithesis in this he meant that in a society there were those who have control of property or goods that is bourgeoisie and those who work that is proletariat. He said that in these two groups there is conflict of interest as they have to define how a society has to be constructed. (Karl, 1989, pp, 78) This will mean that in such society there will be no owners of property and workers as this will be have dealt with. But the problem with revolution stage is that all individuals are supposed to be workers so that there are rulers and workers but it could not work because he later learnt that not all workers could be valued equally in society, this is because those who owned knowledge were seen to be in power in advanced societies. Therefore, indication of having equality could not work. But he said that with violent conflict then these two groups would completely do away with classes in society. He had a theory on capitalism, the means of production would result in violent of revolutions and the results in this would be an ideal society that is a communistic society. He came up with measures that could be used for reformation and they include: abolition of real estate rights, the progressive income taxation, abolition of inheritance rights, state ownership of the media, nationaliza tion of bank, confiscation of all properties belonging to enemies of communism, state production planning, equal obligation of all individuals to work, abolition of the distinction between town and free education. He said that with these changes then it will be possible to have a classless society. He believed also that human morality was determined by social structure of the state because the social structure was based on control of material goods and economics and therefore he claimed that morality is determined by means of production and distribution. (Hughes, shamrock and martin, 2003, pp, 35).He said that industry is the highest form of human