Essay about False Perception of Equality in Society

In Kurt Vonnegut’s story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† everyone is made equal by the United States Handicapper Genera1 while the country is under totalitarian control. Handicaps are forced upon the people by the Handicapper General to create an all-equal society. The character George Bergeron is forced to stay equal by the government’s laws of equality while his wife, Hazel Bergeron, is of only average intelligence, and consequently not given a handicap. Their son, however, has broken the laws of equality and is fugitive of the United States Handicapper General. The conflict between the United States Handicapper General and the Bergeron family helps to establish and develop the theme of a false perception of equality. George and Hazel Bergeron†¦show more content†¦This shows that George and Hazel are not really equal because even though George no longer has an advantage over Hazel, she now has an advantage over George. She is not confined by the Handicapper General like he is, but is free to go about her day naturally, while he is confined to an inferior quality of life. This false perception of equality allows for the government to rule without obstruction or protest from their citizens because they are more intently focused on building a community that is better for all and less focused on the tyrant government that now exists in the democratic country. Their son sees this tyranny and causes heart ache for the citizen and the government. George and Hazel’s son, Harrison Bergeron, develops the theme of the false perception of equality. Harrison Bergeron knows that he is unequal and rebels against the government, so that he can take over and become Emperor: â€Å"Nobody had ev er borne heavier handicaps. He had outgrown hindrances faster than the H-G men could think them up† (1202). He is required to wear more constraining obstructions because the government is in fear of a rebellion, but even with the stronger handicaps Harrison is able to escape from prison and continue his plot to overthrow the government. As Harrison barges into the theater with all his handicaps on heShow MoreRelatedInequality2240 Words   |  9 PagesPeople are unequal and we should not treat them equally. What is equality? Equality is a state in which every living person is given the same number of opportunity to vent out their ability to its fullest, regardless of gender, race, wealth, religion, and so on. However, in the world of capitalism and libertarianism, people cannot be equal. Each person is born with different amounts of wealth and contrary aspects both physically and mentally, no matter how much people fight for equal humanRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1503 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Dream holds. The American Dream highlights equality and is the quintessential idea that all humans are equal. However, this idea is perceived as an illusion. Due to the social strata, humans are accordingly placed in a hierarchy based on status and wealth. This is clearly evident in the separation between East egg and West egg, two different settings in the novel. The author uses these settings to symbolize false perception of equality and attempts to disprove the ideal that is the AmericanRead MoreComposers Craft Novels in Order to Confront the Key Issues of Their Own Context. Discuss How the Authors of to Kill a Mockingbird and Montana 1948 Achieve This Purpose.14 07 Words   |  6 Pagesexperienced in society and to enlighten society’s current perceptions. Both authors desire to educate responders about the destructive nature of prejudice that disenfranchised individuals experienced and that the corrupt actions of empowered individuals can lead to the detriment of failing to achieve justice. Through narrative voice, contextual features and character development, Lee and Watson achieve this purpose of challenging responders to confront the fundamental issues that society has disregardedRead MoreEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that800 Words   |  4 PagesEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that the African American community needed a renewed sense of belonging, like all the other communities have in this day in age. This sense of being is better known as equality. Webster’s dictionary defines equality as having the same rights, social status and opportunities as others. The African American community has yet to reach a plateau were they are seen as equals. Equalities for African Americans areRead MoreRacial Predujice toward Minority Groups1564 Words   |  6 PagesRacial prejudice toward minority groups has been a problem throughout all of history. While overt racism and prejudice may be diminished from the days of our dark past, covert racism is very much alive. Society loves to embellish on how far the country has come in the fight against racial prejudice by highlighting significant events such as having the first black president. Yet there are still too many instances of subtle racism. In 2011, t here were almost 700,000 incidents of stop and frisk policingRead MoreConflict between Canada and the First Nations Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesway of life. But between the years 1945 and 2010 there have been many changes involving interactions with the First Nations people. Some changes were good, but most of them were bad. Canada does not deserve to be known as a nation that demonstrates equality because it has not given the First Nations people equal rights to their land, it was discriminatory to their culture and way of life, and it has denied them of a safe and legitimate education. 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While separated by time, these authors are able to come to a similar understanding in their philosophies by what seems to be a universal theme of the human experience and our false discernment of truth. Bacon depicted these shadows in a more relatable manner to the society we live in today. His writings talk about four idols thatRead MoreA Critical Study Of World Religions By Craig Martin886 Words   |  4 Pagesmethods in which religion disrupts class equality. He succeeds by using intelligible explanations, arguments, and examples to skeptically understand how man is shaped by religion. Martin uses a functionalistic approach to understand the role religion plays in society, exploring each object with hermeneutical suspicion, believing, for the sake of this study, that any supernatural claims are false. By exploring such concepts as classification, structured society, and habitus, Martin explains how â€Å"weRead MoreThe Ways Oppressions Are Carried Out1481 Words   |  6 Pagesoppressions are carried out, and how they are being dealt with. When society is confronted with those who suffer from a mental illness, people are often uncomfortable and desire to shy away from interactions with them. This is a clear indicator of the stigma that emanates from mental illness. Stigmas are belief systems involve false ideals about a certain group or object. A stigma is developed over a period of time as people circulate false information and ideas about something. The stigma associated with

Medicare and Medicaid Free Essays

Medicare and Medicaid Free Essays Medicare, Medicaid, and Medigap are forms of healthcare programs and policies for United States citizens.   All three were provisioned out of the Social Security Act of 1935 to provided elderly, disabled and needy consumers with an option for healthcare coverage.  Medicare became law in 1965 with the passage of the Social Security Act Amendments of 1965. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medicaid or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The original social security proposal was submitted to congress in 1935 by President Franklin Roosevelt as the Economic Security Bill draft (ssa.gov, 2006).    The draft was later accepted as the Social Security Act in 1935 which was to provide old-age welfare pensions and compulsory contributory social insurance.   Between 1935 and 1965, several other amendments were made to the Social Security Act of 1935.   In 1965, President Linden Johnson signed the Medicare Program law after some 80 revisions and discussion as to who should provide social welfare policy (ssa.gov, 2006).   In 2003, President George Bush signed the Medicare Modernization Act that created the Part D prescription drug benefit. The Medicaid program became law in 1965 under Title XIX of the Social Security Act (cms.hhs.gov, 2006).   The cooperative venture was jointed funded by Federal and State governments to assist states in furnishing medical assistance to eligible needy persons.   Federal statutes provided guidelines to the individual states about regulations and policies, but each state determines their own requirements for eligibility.   Therefore, a person eligible in one state may not be eligible in another state. Medicare is the United States health care program for people over 65.   Certain people younger than 65 qualify under Medicare and include those who have disabilities, permanent kidney failure and Lou Gehrig’s disease (ssa.gov, 2006).  Ã‚   The Medicare program helps people with the cost of health care coverage, but does not completely pay for all expenses.   Medicare is financed by a portion of payroll taxes employees and employers pay to the federal government.   Medicare is also partially financed by monthly premiums deducted from Social Security checks (ssa.gov, 2006).   Medicare has four different parts that help with various healthcare coverage (ssa.gov, 2006): Part A is hospital insurance that helps pay for inpatient, skilled nursing facility, and some hospice care. Part B is medical insurance that helps pay for doctors services and other medical services or supplies not covered by hospital insurance Part C is Medicare Advantage coverage that allows people with both Part A and B to receive all of their healthcare coverage through a particular provider organization contracted with Part C. Part D is prescription coverage which helps to pay for doctor prescribed medications. Medicaid is a different program than Medicare, but they are often confused as one and the same.   Medicaid is a state-run program that provides hospital and medical coverage to those with low income, Supplemental Security Income, or certain disabilities (cms.hhs.gov, 2006).   Each state determines the rules about who is eligible and covered under Medicaid.   Depending on age, disability or income factors, some people qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid. Children may also be eligible for Medicaid if they are U.S citizens, regardless of the legal status of the parents and is based on the child’s status not the parents (cms.hhs.gov, 2006). Medigap is a healthcare policy that is sold by private insurance companies to fill the ‘gaps’ of the original Medicare Plan coverage (medicare.gov, 2006).   Medigap helps to pay some of the healthcare costs that are not covered by Medicare such as prescription drugs, long-term custodial care, and catastrophic illnesses.   In general, people must have both Medicare Part A and B coverage to qualify for medigap policies and policy costs can vary widely. Early marketing problems plagued the medigap industry when insurance companies were misrepresenting insurance products and not giving consumers full access to information they needed.   In 1990, medigap reform legislation had multiple objectives: to simplify the insurance market in order to facilitate policy comparisons; provide consumer choice; provide market stability; promote competition; and avoid adverse selection (Fox, 1996). From the inception of the Medicare Program, the problems with medigap supplemental policies included marketing abuses by companies and agents; low rates of return on premiums; duplicate coverage, and low consumer knowledge (Fox, 1996).   Medicare HMO plans also compete directly with Medigap programs.   Consumers became confused on the services provided by HMO plans versus Medigap, causing problems when choosing appropriate plans.   Problems and confusion about what is covered by Medicare also made medigap policies difficult to decipher.  Ã‚   At one point Medicare covered catastrophic illness in 1988, but that addition was repealed after just one year.   Yet, medigap companies and agents were not clear on what exactly medigap policies would cover if purchased by consumers. In all, Medicare and Medicaid has been instrumental in providing elderly, disabled, and needy persons with healthcare coverage they could not otherwise afford in the private healthcare sector.   Medicare does not provide complete healthcare coverage, but does pay for most expenses incurred.   Medigap are policies that help fill the Medicare ‘gap’ and pay for medical expenses not covered by Medicare.  Ã‚   Medicaid fully pays for the healthcare needs of low or no income families or children by paying providers directly for services rendered.   All three policies are social welfare policies that help Americans have continued access to healthcare during times of decreased income earning abilities. References Cms.hhs.gov, 2006.   Medicaid Program General Overview.   Accessed from    http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ on December 13, 2006. Fox, P. 1996.   Medigap reform legislation of 1990. Healthcare Financing Review.   Accessed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0795/is_n1_v18/ai_19155733 on December 13, 2006. Medicare.gov, 2006.   Medigap Policies.   Accessed from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medicare.gov/medigap/default.asp on December 13, 2006. Ssa.gov, 2006.   Medicare Publication No. 05-10043.   Accessed from How to cite Medicare and Medicaid, Essay examples

Cumulative Knowledge in Strategic Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cumulative Knowledge in Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction P G is the world renowned consumer goods company which was founded in the year 1837. The organization has more than 300 brands with a diverse product portfolio including beauty care products, Gillette products and household care products. P G established joint venture with PG (Guangzhou) Ltd. Headquartered in Guangzhou and entered Mainland China in the year 1988. The greater China business of P G includes Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The Unilever Limited is also a reputed consumer goods company which is headquartered in London, United Kingdom and Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has a diverse product line and product width which includes personal care products, beverages, food, products, cleaning agents and various other products in fast moving consumer goods section. Unilever entered China in the year 1986(unilever.com. 2017).The jointly owned enterprise of Unilever in China is Shanghai Unilever. The business operations of Unilever extend to Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwa n, Mongolia and mainland China. Both P G and Unilever are global fast moving consumer goods companies which have established lucrative market operations in China. The core competencies, capabilities and how these two companies have achieved competitive advantage in China have been analyzed in this report by reviewing the strategic actions undertaken by the two companies (pghongkong.com. 2017). Strategy, Structure and System- Unilever has focused on strategies like building robust supply chain, reducing cost by outsourcing operation, penetrating in emerging markets like China which has a huge population, adopting market penetration strategies by developing a diverse range of umbrella product portfolio with help of its strong R D division. An open communication model and supportive structure at workplace and leaders of the Company deliver faster decision (Priem and Carr 2012). The same is followed by Unilever. Skills and Staff- Unilever has a talented pool of scientists who work in R D division of the company. Apart from this, Unilever has product development experts, professionals like hairdressers and chefs, marketers and employees in supply chain department who work in China. Shared Value and Style-The Unilever brand has centered its business model not only to create profit for shareholders but also to create long term value for its stakeholders. Unilever focuses on accelerating growth in its business in China while enhancing the social impact and implementing sustainability factors by taking measures like reducing environmental footprints (com. 2017). Failure of Decision Chosen by Unilever Initially Unilever faced difficulty to establish its brand in the Chinese market. From 1980s to 1990s the Company entered into large number of joint ventures which failed in China. The organization spent almost $ 800 million in China and each of the 12 ventures had their own product line, sales staff and distribution system. Later the organization integrates all its business units under one holding in China. Apart from this, Unilever hired local employees in China, has set up R D division to develop products which will suit the needs and preferences of Chinese consumers, for instance, Unilever China focused on creating local brands like Hazeline and Lao Cai soy in China and local professionals of China managed global brands of the Company like Dove and Lux. Strategy, Structure and System- P G entered the Chinese market with focus on market research and advertising. The Company entered China with a Joint Venture with Hong Kong Company, Hutchison Whampoa. Another joint venture business was established with Guangzhou Soup Factory. Skills and Staff- P G has skilled staffs across all its divisions in China like RD, supply chain, marketing and human resource. The organization has a program called Connect and Develop which helps PG to stay connected with stakeholders like suppliers (Grant 2016). Shared Value and Style- An organization should focus on values like integrity, ownership and leadership, innovation and passion for winning and trust (Keupp, Palmi and Gassmann 2012). P G adopts the same approach. The organization shows respect for all its stakeholders, boosts the process of innovation and develops superior understanding of customers and their needs in China. The different departments of PG act like one unit in China and send only one invoice to retailers. However, Unilever send different invoices and sales people to retailers in China who compete with one another. Thus PG dominates shelf space of retailers more than Unilever in China. Failure of the decision chosen by PG Initially P G failed to gain market share and earn enough revenue in China because the Company developed less quality products for the Chinese market to reduce cost. For instance, P Gs disposable nappies Pampers were a flop in China in the year 1998. Initially the organization supplied nappies of poor quality to reduce cost with the apprehension that Chinese parents will buy them. However, later P G had to add extra softness to the nappy, increased the absorption capacity and moved manufacturing capacity for Pampers in China to reduce cost. Also, the Company made huge investment on advertising campaigns and associated nappies with longer sleep for babies. Thus the strategy, structure and system of P G focuses on customizing products for Chinese consumers and investing on open communication, heavy advertisement and promotion strategy to create awareness among Chinese consumers(pghongkong.com. 2017). The Porters 5 forces Model will help in the analysis of the five forces which will help to determine the competition within the industry. The five forces for P G and Unilever Ltd. which will be analyzed are Threat of New Entry, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, Bargaining Power of Buyers, Threat of Substitutes and Competitive Rivalry (Gamble and Thompson 2014). Bargaining Power of Supplier- The buying power of suppliers of Unilever is low as the organization adopts a policy of local buying and local manufacturing. Unilever has signed blanket agreement with its suppliers which supplies products to the Company for a certain period of time at a certain rate. Bargaining Power of Customers- The bargaining power of customers of Unilever is medium high because customers have low switching cost for fast moving consumer goods. Threat of new entrants- The brand image of Unilever acts as a strong barrier for new entrants to compete with the organization. Market Rivalry of Unilever- The major competitors of Unilever are Nestle, P G and Chinese local brands like Dali Group and Haday. Threat of Substitutes- The threat of substitutes for Unilever is quite high because of the fast moving consumer products which are easy to imitate (com. 2017). Porters 5 forces Analysis of P G Bargaining Power of Suppliers- Suppliers of P G in China need key customers like P G for generating profit. The suppliers of the organization in China have low bargaining power because P G is a reputed brand with a huge customer base. Bargaining Power of Consumers- The bargaining power of consumers of P G is medium high, for instance, P G has to rely on supermarkets of China and online giant Alibaba to sell its products in China. Alibaba will have more bargaining power. Moreover, the products of P G are in fast-moving consumer goods section where consumers have lower switching costs and thus PG has to price its products competitively. Threat of substitutes- For P G, threat of substitutes is quite high. The organization manufactures products in consumer goods section like shampoo, detergent, soap. These fast-moving consumer goods products can be easily substituted. Threat of new entrants- For P G, threat of new entrants for the Chinese market is low. This is because the organization has significant amount of market shares. Thus, a new entrant would require huge investment on marketing, promotion and R D to compete with PG. Market rivalry of P G- The rivals of P G in China are Unilever, Nestle, Chinese brands like Yili and Mengniu, Liby, Dali Group and Haday (com. 2017) iii) The Porters Generic Strategy Model of P G and Unilever Ltd are analyzed to contemplate the various ways by which these two companies gain competitive advantage (Wheelen and Hunger 2017).The different strategies of Porters Generic Strategy model are Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus. The Focus Strategy can be subdivided into two parts Cost Focus and Differentiation Focus (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). Unilever uses the Porters generic strategy of broad differentiation. The organization focuses on product development approaches by adding more features in the products based on specific market needs of consumers. For Unilever, the products are specially designed to suit customers needs (unilever.com. 2017). The generic strategy adopted by P G is also differentiation like Unilever. The organization highlights value and quality in consumer goods products in China. The organization invests on RD to build a diverse product portfolio with highly differentiated product ranges and PG adopts marketing strategies that create customer awareness about the uniqueness of each product line (pghongkong.com. 2017). Blue Ocean Strategy of Unilever and PG The Competitors in the marketplace create a red ocean for companies resulting in cutthroat competition. In order to sustain in the marketplace for a longer period of time, Unilever and PG have explored untapped market opportunities free from competitors thus adopting a Blue Ocean Strategy for them(Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The Blue Ocean strategy is adopted by both Unilever and PG as they try to gain competitive advantage by penetrating into untapped markets. Both the companies utilizes revenue generated from well established brands to venture into new markets and build an umbrella of diverse product categories, for instance, Unilever entered into water purifying business in China by acquiring Qinyuan Group and PG changed views of consumers of China who relied on cloth diapers by introducing Pampers disposable diapers in China which initially failed but was a huge success in future due to marketing campaigns like Golden Sleep in 2007 which associated disposable diapers with longer sleep in China and thus P G gained first mover advantage in diapers market in China(pghongkong.com. 2017). The Ansoff Matrix will help in the analysis of growth strategies of P G and Unilever Ltd. The four strategies of this grid are Market Penetration (existing products for existing markets), Product Development (new products for existing markets), market development (existing products for new market) and Diversification (new products and new markets)( Harrison and John 2013). Product Development- Unilever constantly focuses on new product development in China. The organization focuses on extending the product line and adding more product width within each line. Amora, Clear, Dove, Knorr, Lipton, Lux, Magnum, Rexona, Ponds, Domestos, Hellmans, OMO are some of the brands of Unilever in China (com. 2017). Market Penetration- Unilever adopts Market Penetration Strategy in China by selling existing products for existing market with competitive pricing, sales promotion and advertising. For instance, Unilever has Dove and Lux in the same product line of soap with different pricing strategy. Dove targets upper segment of market with a premium price whereas Lux is more reasonably priced which is a market penetration strategy of Unilver. Market Development- Unilever constantly develops new market for existing products. Apart from selling its products in Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mongolia and mainland China, Unilever also sells products in various countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Netherlands, and India Unilever sells products. Diversification- R D divisions of Unilever help the company to diversify its product range. For instance, the organization has umbrella product portfolio ranging from personal care products, beverages, food, products, cleaning agents and the company sells these products to new markets (com. 2017). Product Development-The R D division of P G helps the company to extend its product line and add more products in the range of hair care, skin care, baby care, powder detergent. For instance, the company developed like Campbells soup and Pampers which initially failed in China but later gained popularity. Market Penetration- P G adds more product width within the same product line with products priced differently to target different markets segments and for penetrating in the market. For instance, P G has products Tide and Ariel in the same category of detergents for market penetration. Market Development- The different pricing policies for the umbrella product range of a company helps in market development (Bettis et al. 2016).P G adopts similar approach. Diversification- P G has diverse range of product portfolio like Olay, Safeguard, Pampers, Rejoice, Tide, and Gillette which are in different product categories like skincare, personal cleansing, baby care, powder detergent range. P G has entered new markets in different parts across the globe like America, Asia, Western Europe, and Africa apart from China (pghongkong.com. 2017). One of the noteworthy acquisition of Unilever in China was acquisition of Qinyuan Group Co. Ltd.- a water purifier company in the year 2014 which will compliment its Pureit wate water purification business. Unilever also purchased hair product business of TIGI and Sara Lees Personal Care Business. Alliances and acquisitions are thus important strategies for business (Rothaermel 2015). The most famous acquisition of P G was in the year 2005, when the organization acquired Gillette. The well known products of Gillette were Oral-B, Duracell, March 3 razor, Barun. This acquisition gave PG access to new markets in the male grooming segment. The global sales of the company rose to $76.5 billion in 2007 due to this acquisition (pghongkong.com. 2017). Conclusion It can be concluded that PG and Unilever are both fast moving consumer goods with many common strategies like both has adopted differentiation strategy of Porters Generic Strategy Model. Both the companies started operations in China in the second half on 1980s, Unilever began its operations in Sanghai and PG started operations in Guangzhou. However, in 1999, revenues of PG in China reached almost $1 billion while that of Unilever was around $300 million. This was because Unilever entered into 12 ventures in China which had equal number of Chinese entities. But PG focused on gaining trust of Chinese partners and has just one partner in Mainland China which was a unit of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. China is a home of more than a billion people, but the Chinese people do not readily accept foreign brands. P G was more successful in gaining trust of local partners and products like Rejoice shampoo, Crest toothpaste of PG dominated the shelf-space of China mor e than Lux and Close-Up toothpaste of Unilever. Recommendations It is recommended that Unilever must try to integrate its business processes. The different joint ventures of Unilever should not have different product lines and staffs. The organization should try to gain trust of Chinese partner and should have a unified corporate culture and brand identity in China. The distribution system for the different product lines of the joint venture of Unilever in China should be centralized. For PG it is recommended, that the organization should focus on market research and improving the quality of its products. The Pampers diapers failed in the market because PG provided poor quality diapers for Chinese market to cut cost. The organization should not compromise on quality. Instead, P G can cut cost by shifting manufacturing divisions in China. Also, PG should focus on RD and innovation to develop new products customized for Chinese customers. References Bettis, R.A., Ethiraj, S., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2016. Creating repeatable cumulative knowledge in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.257-261. Frynas, J.G. and Mellahi, K., 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Gamble, J.E. and Thompson, A.A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Harrison, J.S. and John, C.H.S., 2013.Foundations in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014.Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Keupp, M.M., Palmi, M. and Gassmann, O., 2012. The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.367-390. Lasserre, P., 2012.Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management. Springer. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013.Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Priem, R.L., Li, S. and Carr, J.C., 2012. Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research.Journal of management,38(1), pp.346-374. unilever.com. 2017.unilever. [online] Available at: https://www.unilever.com/about/innovation/our-r-and-d-locations/shanghai-china/ [Accessed 29 Oct. 2017]. pghongkong.com. 2017.p g china. [online] Available at: https://www.pghongkong.com/en-US/Company/China.aspx [Accessed 29 Oct. 2017]. unilever.com. 2017.china unilever. 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Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling

We live in time when the beneficence of many socio-political and judicial policies, currently institutionalized in Western countries, is being increasingly doubted not only by ordinary citizens but by governmental top officials, as well.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, up until comparatively recent times, it used to be considered something utterly unlikely for the governmental official from a country that officially takes pride in being multicultural, to come up with public statements against ‘celebration of diversity’ policy. Nowadays, this is no longer the case – on October 17, 2010, German Chancellor Angela Merkel had officially declared that the policy of multiculturalism in Germany had failed miserably. In his article, Weaver (2010) quotes Merkel: â€Å"This [multicultural] approach has failed , utterly failed† (Guardian.co.uk). Therefore, it is only logical to expect that in very near future, the validity of many previously unquestionable multiculturalism-related and ideologically charged notions, such as the assumption that the practice of racial profiling by police is utterly inappropriate, would be revised. In our paper, we will aim at substantiating this thesis to a further extent. Even a brief glimpse on how the concept of racial profiling is being defined by social scientists and political activists that consider themselves particularly ‘progressive’ (read – affiliated with neo-Liberal agenda), reveals an undeniable fact that, while coming up with a definition, these people intentionally strive to emphasize concept’s moral unsuitability. For example, according to Banks (2001): â€Å"Racial profiling constitutes the intentional consideration of race in a manner that disparately impacts certain racial minority groups, contributing to the disproportionate investigation, detention, and mistreatment of innocent members of those groups† (p. 1077). The definition of racial profiling by Ramirez et al. (2000) appears being just as emotionally charged: â€Å"Any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity† (p. 3).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both of these definitions, of course, were meant to expose the policy of racial profiling as being inheritably wicked and above all – scientifically unsubstantiated, as definitions’ very sounding implies that there is no link between the notion of race and the notion of crime. Nevertheless, as crime-related statistical data in dicates – the specifics of a particular individual’s biological constitution are indeed reflective of his or her tendency to indulge in anti-social behavior. According to statistical data, available on the web site of U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2009, out of 125,910 incidents of rape/sexual assault, African-Americans perpetrated 110,100 – that is, despite the fact that as of 2009, African-Americans constituted only 13.5% of America’s total population. Therefore, the suggestions that crime has color are absolutely legitimate, at least from statistical point of view. This is why, even though the ideological censorship of political correctness has not yet ceased being an integral element of public discourse in the West, many intellectually honest political scientists find it impossible to refrain from mentioning certain things, of which ordinary citizens are being perfectly aware. Risse and Zeckhauser’s (2004) article substantiates the valid ity of an earlier statement, as it does promote the idea that, when being assessed from conceptual perspective, the policy of racial profiling appears scientifically credible: â€Å"There is a significant correlation between membership in certain racial groups and the tendency to commit certain crimes† (p. 132). In its turn, this explains why, as time goes by; the process of designing crime prevention policies in the U.S. and other Western countries continues to be increasingly affected by considerations of racial profiling, although in rather subtle manner. In their article, Hernandez-Murillo and Knowles (2004) state: â€Å"According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2001), 16 state police agencies required collection of race and ethnicity data for all traffic stops as of March 2001, compared to only seven states in 1999† (p. 959). Thus, as of today, we have a peculiar situation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On one hand, the very idea of racial profiling continues to draw ever-increased amounts of public criticism, with the stories about racist-minded White police officers being discriminate against representatives of racial minorities appearing not only in tabloid press and T.V. but also in many academic journals, with the authors of anti-racial profiling articles and studies suggesting that statistical data indicate that, despite being forbidden to have their decisions affected by different forms of racial biases, officers continue to treat non-Whites in particularly harsh manner. In their study, Anwar and Fang (2006) state: â€Å"Data on trooper searches continue to show that higher proportion of troopers tend to search a minority motorists than white motorists† (p. 127). Some authors go even as far as implying the there is a certain conspirological aspect in how representatives of racial minorities are being subjected to racial profiling. According to Hurwitz and Peffley (2005): â€Å"Crimes with white victims generate significantly faster police response times, higher probabilities of arrest and prosecution, and more ‘vigilant’ investigative strategies. There is also a sub ­stantial bias due to the race of the suspect with officers more likely to use more force, arrest, and traffic profiling with black than white suspects† (p. 765). On the other hand; however, the validity of an idea that the extent of one’s criminal mindedness is being rather biologically then environmentally predetermined, appears to be favored by the growing number of biologists and practicing criminologists, which why the concept of so-called ‘managerial penology’ has now achieved a full academic legitimacy. According to proponents of ‘managerial penology’, it makes very little sense to believe that, after having ‘done timeà ¢â‚¬â„¢ in jail, criminals would be able to reconsider their anti-social behavior and to reintegrate into society, simply because it is not the poverty, lack of education, or the exposal to racism, that turns one into a criminal, but rather the particulars of his or her biological constitution. As Feeley and Simon (1992) had put it in their article: â€Å"The new penology is neither about punishing nor about rehabilitating individuals. It is about identifying and managing unruly groups. It is concerned with the rationality, not of individual behavior nor even of community organization, but of managerial processes. Its goal is not to eliminate crime but to make it tolerable through systemic coordination† (p. 452). Apparently, for individuals as Feeley and Simon, it is perfectly clear that the reason why representatives of racial minorities are more likely than Whites to be stopped and searched by cops, for seemingly nor reason, is that they are more predisposed towards committ ing crimes – plain and simple.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In their book Heumann and Cassak (2003) had made a good point, while implying that one’s tendency to refer to racial profiling as morally despicable or as entirely legitimate and valid crime-combating practice, depends on a perspective from which one chooses to discuss the issue: â€Å"We learned that profiling was, and is, a laudable police practice, some ­thing quite different from the ‘profiling’ of popular dis ­course. A ‘profiler’ is, in fact, a skilled law enforcement offi ­cer trained in drawing inferences about wrongdoers in a patterned series of cases† (p. 5). The fact that different people seem to adopt often diametrically opposite views on racial profiling, suggests that the public outcry, directed against legitimization of this policy, is discourse-related. In other words, it is namely because, during the course of last twenty-thirty years, citizens in Western countries were made to believe in the beneficence of ‘multic ulturalism’ and ‘political correctness’, which explains why many of these citizens tend to think of racial profiling as something utterly horrible. Yet, such their attitude can the least referred to as rationally motivated – after having been instilled with the irrational belief in people’s equality, most citizens find it emotionally uncomfortable to reconsider many of their discourse-related opinions, based upon such a belief. This; however, does not mean that their negative opinions, in regards to the subject matter, cannot be challenged – just as it has always been the case, throughout the course of human history, while opposing science, the irrationally defined ‘morality’ simply does not stand a chance, whatsoever. And, it is namely the revolutionary breakthroughs in the fields of genetics, medicine and I.T. that had taken place during the course of last century (particularly during the course of last few decades), upon which the proponents of racial profiling base their arguments. In the next part of our paper, we will explore this idea at length. In 1895, the founder of Positivist Criminology Cesare Lombroso had published his famous book L’Homme Criminel (Criminal Man), in which he had proven beyond any reasonable doubt that individual’s likelihood to commit especially horrendous criminal acts is being reflected by the extent of such individual’s anthropological atavism. According to Lombroso, the more physical appearance of a particular individual is being affected by anthropological atavism, the more such an individual would be likely to act as a slave to its animalistic urges, extrapolated in his or her tendency to act as ‘natural born criminal’: â€Å"Atavism remains one of the most constant characteristics of the born criminal, in spite of, or rather together with pathology. Many of the characteristics of primitive man are also commonly found in the born crimin al, including low, sloping foreheads, overdeveloped sinuses, overdevelopment of jaws and cheekbones, prognathism, oblique and large eye sockets, dark skin† (2006, p. 222). The reason why bearers of atavistic traits appear being genetically predisposed towards committing crime is that their biological underdevelopment prevents them from being able to suppress their animalistic urges while living as the members of a society ruled by law. On evolutionary ladder, such individuals are being placed in the middle between the species of primates and the species of homo sapiens. It is perfectly understandable that, in society where the policy of multiculturalism enjoys an official status, and where politically active citizens are being often accused of uttering ‘hate speech’, while simply articulating their opinions publically, there are simply no objectively existing preconditions for law enforcement agencies to officially incorporate Lombroso’s theory as an integr al part of deployed investigative techniques. However, this does not make the methodology of Positivist Criminology less valid, especially in the light of recent genetics-related scientific discoveries. As it was pointed out by Williams (2007): â€Å"He (Lombroso) first hypothesized that the tendency to commit crime was mirrored in the physical characteristics, or physiognomy, of the criminal, including such factors as race and color†¦ As gene research advances, some behavioural traits that were designated as learned are being cast into doubt and reclassified as innate† (Humanities Social Sciences). This is exactly the reason why, despite the fact that the theory of Positivist Criminology is still being officially regarded as ‘non-scientific’, police officers do resort to its utilization, especially in times when society applies an additional pressure upon them to increase the effectiveness of their crime-combating strategies. For example, during the course of a few days, before the opening of Moscow Olympics in 1982, Moscow’s police had simply gathered up city’s residents with clearly defined atavistic traits about their appearance and had sent them outside of the city, for duration of Olympic Games. As a result, not a single incident of criminal activity has been reported in this city of eight millions, while the Games were on. Therefore, the practice of racial profiling should actually be referred to as the practice of ‘atavistic profiling’ – in the eyes of a police officer, it makes very little difference whether the potential suspect is Black or White, but only whether suspect’s physical appearance radiates viciousness. The fact that the representatives of racial minorities are more likely to complain about being ‘profiled’ than Whites, has nothing to do with police’s racialist maliciousness, but rather with ‘ethnically unique’ citizens’ lessened val ue as representatives of homo sapiens specie. Despite seeming inappropriateness of an earlier statement, its legitimacy can be proven with ease. For example, we are all aware of what happened to former Europe’s colonies in Africa, after these colonies had shaken off the ‘yoke of White oppression’ – within a matter of decade, after the ‘liberation’, African tribal societies have regressed back to the state of primeval savagery. As of today, essentially the whole continent of Africa (with probable exception of South Africa and Africa’s Islamic states) has been effectively reduced into the battleground for tribal war of ‘everybody against everybody’. And, it is namely the raging epidemic of gang-rape, which defines the criminological realities in today’s Africa. In her article, Moore (2005) states: â€Å"According to estimated figures, sixty children are raped every day in South Africa. Children under eighteen years of age represent an estimated 40% of South African rape victims†¦ It is a popular myth in AIDS-ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin cures the disease† (p. 1469). While being confronted with unsightly realities of post-colonial Africa, liberally minded Western social scientists continue to blame just about everything on the ‘legacy of colonial oppression’. For example, while trying to come up with explanation as to why in today’s South Africa, women are being recommended not to leave their house alone, in her article Moffett (2006) says: â€Å"I argue that contemporary sexual violence in South Africa is fuelled by justificatory narratives that are rooted in apartheid practices that legitimated violence by the dominant group against the disempowered† (p. 129). Nevertheless, despite her article’s superficial sophistication, author had failed at explaining why someone, presumably ‘underpowered’ and ‘hungryâ€⠄¢, would think of raping women as such that constitutes his life’s foremost priority? In order for us to address this question, we will need to make reference to one of the most recent scientific publications that effectively dispels the myth of people’s equality, upon which the critics of racial profiling base their arguments. In their book I.Q. and the wealth of nations, Lynn and Vanhanen (2002) were able to prove that, the actual reason why Africa’s natives continue to suffer from poverty, while never ceasing to explore their criminal-mindedness by gang-raping women and by indulging in tribal warfare, has nothing to do with the ‘legacy of apartheid’, but with the simple fact that, in terms of intellectual development, most Africa’s natives did not advance too far from their immediate biological predecessors: â€Å"I.Q.s appear to be determined by the racial and ethnic make-up of the populations†¦ The I.Q.s of 96 are typical of Euro peans. The countries with lower proportions of Europeans and higher proportions of Native Americans, Blacks, and Mestizos have lower I.Q.s† (p. 63). According to Lynn and Vanhanen, in such African countries as Equatorial Guinea and Central African Republic, the average rate of citizens’ Intellectual Quotidian (I.Q.) is being estimated as low as 50; whereas, Whites that score lower than 70, while I.Q. tested, are being declared mentally deficient. And, one’s inability to operate with abstract categories, reflected by his or her particularly low I.Q. score, is nothing but an indication of person’s existential atavism. Why is it that the perpetrators of particularly violent crimes often have a hard time realizing the sheer wickedness of their criminal behavior? This is because, due to their intellectual primitiveness, most of these criminals do not even understand what the concept of morality stands for, in the first place. The reason why Medias refer to part icularly gruesome crimes as ‘inhuman’, ‘bestial’ and ‘savage’, is that their perpetrators cannot be assumed fully human. The qualitative essence of their existential mode, reflected by the extent of their atavistic criminal-mindedness, is being predetermined by objectively existing biological laws, which apply to people as much as they apply to animals and plants. For example, dog breeders are well aware of the fact that particularly vicious dogs are always the ones that had been affected by crossbreeding the most. Pit-bulls, famed for their unprovoked attacks on even small children, have been artificially cross-breaded out of genetic pool, associated with thirty different dog pedigrees. Apparently, the same applies to people – the more they are being affected by racial mongrelization, the more they will be likely to derive pleasure out of indulging in criminally violent behavior. Out of 812 acts of homicide that had taken place in Puert o-Rico, during the course of 2009, only 25 were recognized as having been premeditated. This explains country police’s utter operational inefficiency in trying to prevent crime – unlike what it is the case among Whites, even a slightest domestic dispute among Puerto-Ricans can unpredictably escalate into a full-scale gunfight. There is also a sociological aspect to our line of argumentation – apart from the fact that in many instances, people who complain about being ‘racially profiled’ appear ‘natural born criminals’ from anthropological point of view, it is perfectly logical for police officers to treat them with suspicion, on the account of these people being endowed with collectivist mentality alone. In her article, Mkabela (2005) states: â€Å"Most African worldviews emphasize belongingness, connectedness, community participation and people centeredness† (p. 180). In all probability, it never occurred to the author that her characterization of African worldviews could also be used to define the subtleties of how people from Third World address life’s challenges, in general. Unlike what it is the case with urbanized Whites, known for their intellectual openness and their ability to adjust their behavior to the demands of impersonal law, representatives of racial minorities in Western countries consciously choose in favor of essentially tribal mode of existence, while never ceasing to manifest the strength of their primitive religiosity, whenever opportunity presents itself. Immediately, after having arrived to Western countries, instead of trying to integrate into the host society, ‘ethnically unique’ immigrants embark upon creation of their own societies within the society. In its turn, this explains why nowadays, every large Western city features its own ethnic ‘ghettos’, where residents feel comparatively safe while indulging in criminal behavior – after all, c ops try not to enter these ‘ghettos’, even while being called upon, in order not to provoke racial riots. It appears that many representatives of racial minorities simply do not realize a simple fact that that the strength of their tribal ‘belongingness’ and ‘connectedness’, is being counter-proportionate to their ability to function as productive members of post-industrial urban societies. In the eyes of tribally minded individual, the notions of Western civil and criminal laws have no significance, simply because such an individual lives by his own tribal laws, the most important of which are: make babies, invite more relatives to come to the country, and demand even more individual rights and privileges. And, people who prefer observing their own tribal/religious laws, as opposed to observing Western secular and impersonal laws, are best described as criminals-in-making, because they perceive the very concept of civil law as something utterl y alien to the workings of their mentality. This is why, upon being exposed to the sight of ‘ethnically unique’ person, with the towel wrapped around his head, police officers would be naturally inclined to ask such an individual for I.D., especially if encountering him at the airport or another public place. Therefore, under no circumstances should we refer to police officers’ tendency to utilize racial profiling as the indication of their professional unfitness – one the contrary, the more they appear being comfortable with the concept, the better would be their chances to attain professional excellence. Apparently, police officers’ tendency to treat representatives of racial minorities with suspicion is not an indication of their irrational biasness towards the people of color, but rather an indication of their psychological adequateness. After all, we do not accuse people who refuse to jump in the lake filled with hungry crocodiles of being â₠¬Ëœbiased’ against the reptiles. Similarly, we cannot be accusing cops for being extra vigilant, while dealing with people whose biological/mental constitution makes them predisposed towards committing crime, without giving any seconds thoughts, whatsoever. Thus, the fact that a variety of strongly negative connotations is being currently ascribed to the policy of racial profiling, should be discussed as yet another proof that the process of designing socio-political policies in America continues to be the least observant of the notion of sanity. For example, just as acquittal of O.J. Simpson in 1995 had shown, in today’s America it is quite possible for ‘ethnically unique’ perpetrator of a violent crime to walk out of the courtroom a free man, if his or her defenders prove that the element of racial profiling did play part in how investigators proceeded with executing their professional duties. During the course of L.A. racial riots in 1992, police office rs had been given an unofficial order not to get involved, even in time when Whites were dragged out of their cars and killed on the spot by the raging mobs of Blacks, in front of cops’ very eyes. In the aftermath of hurricane Katrina that had struck New Orleans in 2005, city’s White residents had suddenly realized that they could only rely upon themselves, when it came to defending their property from hordes of looting Blacks – cops simply would not get involved, while being terribly afraid of losing their jobs, on account of ‘racial profiling’ accusations. It appears that, just as it is being the case with racism/multiculturalism related discourse, racial-profiling related discourse is best discussed in terms of psychiatry. At first, ‘progressive’ policy-makers create preconditions for criminally minded people from Third World, affected by anthropological and intellectual atavism, to be able to immigrate to America. After that, the sa me policy-makers occupy themselves with trying to figure out how newly arrived immigrants’ inborn criminal mindedness can be addressed, without references being make to the specifics of these people’s racial affiliation. As a popular saying goes – when God decides to punish people, he deprives them of their ability to think logically. It is needless to mention, of course, that while trying to increase the levels of interracial tolerance in American society, the neo-Marxian proponents of a welfare state (which they envision as a multicultural utopia, where citizens’ celebrate diversity’ 24/7), never cease preferring to reside in White suburbia, on the account of suburbia’s schools being ‘better’ and streets being ‘safer’. Therefore, in order for these people to reconsider their views on racial profiling, they would have to be prompted to take a leisurely stroll along the street in just about any ethnic ‘ghettoà ¢â‚¬â„¢, after it gets dark. The earlier articulated arguments point to the fact that, within the contextual framework of discourse about racial profiling, there can be only two sides: the side of sanity and the side multiculturalism-related insanity. In its turn, this explains an utter methodological inconsistency in how law enforcement agencies go about ensuring citizens’ safety. On one hand, many spokespersons for these agencies never get tired defending the appropriateness of a practice of taking tubes with toothpaste away from the passengers, before they board planes, regardless of passengers’ ethnic affiliation. But on another hand, they simultaneously speak in favor of allowing specific categories of citizens to be exempted from the law, due to these citizens’ inability to even understand what the concept of secular and impersonal law is all about. For example, during the course of 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Sikh-Canadians were allowed to carry hu ge daggers in public, as these people’s lawyers had proven that forbidding Sikh-Canadians to carry illegal knives in public would constitute the violation of their civil rights. In his article, Kaur (2009) states: â€Å"Sikhs will be able to carry a kirpan (Sikh article of faith), to Olympic events if they adhere to a number of conditions, the Vancouver 2010 Integrated Security Unit has announced. ISU doesn’t expect the religious item will pose an additional risk at venues† (Global Sikh News). To paraphrase George Orwell – all people are equal, but some people are more equal than the others are. As we have illustrated in the earlier parts of this paper, the policy of racial profiling is scientifically legitimate, even though people who lack education would most definitely think otherwise. In a similar manner, during the course of 19th century, uneducated people thought of a practice of vaccination as ‘morally wicked’. Yet, the practical imple mentation of this policy in the realm of public health care had helped saving millions of lives. Given the fact that many historical parallels could be drawn between the policy of enforced vaccination and the policy of racial profiling (both policies continue to be actively resisted by self-proclaimed ‘experts on morality’), it would not be much of an exaggeration to suggest that the full implementation of policy of racial profiling in the realm of American jurisprudence, would result in drastic improvement of criminological situation in this country. There is only one barrier on the way of such implementation – the fact that many Americans continue to profess the values of multiculturalism as representing an undeniable truth-value. However, there are good reasons to believe that it is only the matter of time, before America would follow the footsteps of Switzerland and Germany, where policy-makers had proven themselves responsible enough to end the insanity of m ulticulturalism, at least in conceptual sense of this word. And, once the hawks of multiculturalism are being stripped of their governmental offices, there would be very little resistance on the way of racial profiling full legitimization. As it happened many times, throughout the course of history, once science triumphs over ‘morality’ and artificially induced ‘tolerance’, the society where it happened automatically becomes much more tolerant and moral. References Anwar, S. Fang, H. (2006). An alternative test of racial prejudice in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence. The American Economic Review  96(1), 127-151. Banks, R. (2001). Race-based suspect selection and colorblind equal protection doctrine and discourse. UCLA Law Review 48(2), 1075-124. Feeley, M. Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications, Criminology 30(4), 449–474. Hernandez-Murillo, R. Knowles, J. (2004). Racial profiling or racist policing?  International Economic Review 45(3), 959-989. Heumann, M. Cassak, L. (2003). Good cop, bad cop: Racial profiling and  competing views of justice in America. Studies in crime and punishment. New York: Peter Lang. Hulme, D. (1990). The political Olympics: Moscow, Afghanistan, and the 1980  U.S. boycott. New York, Praeger. Hurwitz, J. Peffley, M. (2005). Explaining the great racial divide: Perceptions of fairness in the U.S. criminal justice system. The Journal of Politics 67(3), 762- 783. Kaur, A. (2009). Sikh can carry kirpans to Olympics events in Canada. Global  Sikh News. Web. Lombroso, C. (1911) 2006. Criminal man. Durham: Duke University Press. Lynn, R. Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. Mkabela, Q. (2005). Using Afrocentric method in researching indigenous African culture. Qualitative Report 10(1), 178-189. Moffett, H. (2006). ‘These women, they force us to rape them†™: Rape as narrative of social control in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Southern African  Studies 32(1), 129-144. Moore, A. (2005). Endangered species: Examining South Africa’s national rape crisis and its legislative attempt to protect its most vulnerable citizens.  Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 38(5),1469-98. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2006). Homicides among children and  young adults – Puerto Rico, 1999 – 2003. Web. Ramirez, D. et al. (2000). A resource guide on racial profiling data col ­lection  systems: Promising practices and lessons learned. Boston: Northeast ­ern University Press. Risse, M. Zeckhauser, R. (2004). Racial profiling. Philosophy and Public Affairs  32(2), 131-170. U.S. Department of Justice. (2009). Criminal Victimization, 2009. Web. Weaver, M. (2010). Angela Merkel: German multiculturalism has ‘utterly failed’. Guardian.co.uk. Web. Williams, I. (2007). Criminal man rediscovered. Humanities Social Sciences  Online. Web. 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How to Scale Your Business Reach a Larger Audience [PODCAST]

How to Scale Your Business Reach a Larger Audience [PODCAST] How can you scale a business with marketing? To answer that question, we’re going to be talking to Brandon Andersen, the chief strategist at Ceralytics. He’s going to share with us why failure helps you improve, how to overcome your marketing challenges, and how to position your business differently than your competition does. Brandon has focused on some key marketing tactics that have really paid off, and today you’re going to learn how to implement some of them to begin reaching a much larger audience. Some of the highlights of the show include: Some information about Ceralytics and what Brandon does there as the chief strategist, as well as what Brandon did before Ceralytics. Some of the marketing challenges that Brandon faced as he moved Ceralytics from a startup to a successful company, as well as how they got past those challenges. The concept of a blue ocean: what it is and why it’s important. Successful things that Brandon did right away to build an audience in the early days of the company. How focusing on influencer is a great marketing tactic. A step-by-step way to build relationships with influencers. Tips on getting into guesting. Brandon’s best tips on marketing strategy and how to build one as a new marketer. Links: Brandon Andersen Ceralytics Content Marketing Institute research The 10x Marketing Formula If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Brandon: â€Å"Marketing strategy will impact every piece of your business and it should be tied to every piece of your business.† â€Å"Those early days are going be really rough. You’re all gonna be trying to finding your way. You need to communicate with each other and really listen to what each other has to say.†

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section I wrote this article for New Grad Life, so its catered to new grads, but a lot of the advice is relevant to anyone who has significant items to include under Education.   Of course, if youve been out of school for 10 years, do NOT put the Education section first (that advice is for new grads only)!   A possible exception is if you are applying for a job at a university where the name of your undergraduate or graduate institution is the most important credential you have on your resume. Read here: 5 Great Tips to Organize Your Education Section Category:Resume TipsBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 6, 2010

Describe the ideas and influence of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim as Essay

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The Historical Development of the Juvenile Court - Essay Example In 1825, a refuge institution was opened in New York that was the first of its kind to deal with the juvenile delinquents, followed by the opening of two other institutions of the same kind. The methods of treatment used in these institutions included corporal punishments and heavy labor. Voices were raised against such a treatment of the children and eventually, a juvenile court bill was passed in 1899 in Illinois. The main role of these courts was to rehabilitate and reform neglected children, children who committed offences not deemed appropriate for their age and who committed offences that would be considered crimes if carried out by adults. 2. Discuss the development of due process rights for juveniles through several key U.S. Supreme Court cases. Answer: The U.S. Supreme Court did not recognize procedural restrictions for juvenile courts because of their rehabilitative nature as opposed to punitive nature. But the Gerald Gault case of 1964 set precedent for the subsequent deve lopment of the due process rights for juveniles. In this case, the child was initially institutionalized for six years, the punishment for the similar offence for adults was a mere 50$ or a few months detention. On the appeal of the parents, the Supreme Court reversed the Arizona case decision and the development of due process rights started taking shape. Other significant developments in defining procedural restrictions which resulted from case trials were: the decision in the Mckiever v Pennsylvania case that the states had the right to use jury trials independently in juvenile cases but this was not a constitutional requirement, the Roper v Simmons case which resulted in the minimum age for death penalty being set at 18 years and many other such cases. 3. What are different models used to transfer a juvenile to adult court? Why would a state want to transfer a juvenile out of the juvenile justice system? Answer: There are three models of transferring juveniles to adult courts: a ) Judicial Waiver: It is the instance of transferring a juvenile case to a criminal court due to the transfer or waiver of jurisdiction by the judge himself. b) Concurrent Jurisdiction: It is also known as the Prosecutorial Discretion because in these cases the prosecution has the choice of either filing the case in the juvenile court or the criminal court. c) Statutory Exclusion: The cases where the criminal courts have original jurisdiction, the juvenile cases are transferred through this model. The reason why some of the juvenile cases are transferred to adult courts is that the nature of their offences is extremely violent and the public outrage over some of the offences like school shootings etc. makes it difficult to prosecute them under juvenile due process.  

The Lemba Clan, Are They Real Jews Essay Example for Free

The Lemba Clan, Are They Real Jews Essay Introduction Walking through the Venda Plaza shopping center in Thohoyandou, South Africa, R dai ae ta a ad a tm ,T aioe f Jws bo e . Gv g i a uznw vdo m n n si o eâ€Å" hts n o my e i rt r† i n h d h hs i m pzl ytn i e l kh ep i dâ€Å"a a l k e . cm f m I al l gi e uz d ei r ud o ,e xln ,Im Ba Jw We a er s eao t e tg o ae c o r n m aoT e hv poe iwt gns N t nowing what to say and not having heard about this g. hy ae rvdt i ee. o k h † before, I let his statement pass. My time in South Africa was devoted to working with a victim empowerment program, but I continued to wonder about the idea of Black Jews. The Black Jew or Lemba population creates a blip on a cultural map of sub-Saharan Africa. When researchers discovered and studied them over the last fifteen years, the Lemba also made a blip on the genetic map of sub-Saharan Africa. Genetic analysis of the Lemba has focused primarily on the Y chromosome, which is useful for studying variation among and distance between populations. The Lemba genetic markers support the oral tradition which says the Lemba came from the north. This paper reviews biological and cultural studies of the Lemba and the correlation between genes and oral tradition to propose a biocultural history for the Lemba people. Biology Genetic Variation across Populations Much of the study of genetic variation has focused on dissimilarity between groups. Genetic variation over time is used to postulate about the place and time of the origins of modern humans as well as subsequent movement and migration. Genetic variation is the greatest in Africa, and it is reasoned that the longer a group has been around, the more variation it will have in its gene pool. Additionally, the longer groups are apart, the greater their genetic distance (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza, 1995). Maps of variation show migrations out of, around, 1 and back in to Africa (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza, 1995). Based on comparison of genetic landscapes, maps by Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza (1995) show the arrival of Neolithic cultivators in northern Africa 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. The migration of people continues down the eastern side of Africa, with groups mixing and moving. According to Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza (1995), the Bantu arrived in South Africa 300 to 400 years ago, and the archaeological and linguistic data support the history of Bantu expansion. Cavalli-Sforza’t e o py gnt r aosi a gnr e t og ae g sr s f hl eece t nh s r ee t h uh vr e e o i li p e ad r a linkage analysis. Synthetic maps are produced from principle-component analysis of multiple gene frequencies. MacEachern (2000), however, criticizes Cavalli-Soz’sn eio gns fr s yt s f ee a h s and language for its assumptions about the nature of language and groups and its lack of cni r i o t d e i o hm n oii . A r a e n ui a ntone, os e t n fh i rt f u a sc ts â€Å" fcn t i n s r obudd d ao e v sy ee i hc t e homogeneous monoliths either frozen in place since before A. D. 1492 or caroming around the continent like cultural-ba n b lr bl†MaE ce ,00 7) G nr sn ec as er g ii d as ( c ahr 20: 0. ee lyt t m p i la l n 3 a hi provide a visual representation of variation, but they do not show how the variation came to exist nor do they reveal anomalies. The Lemba are an anomaly in the genetic patterns of Southern Africa. Variation and the Y Chromosome The primary genetic research on the Lemba has used the Y chromosome for comparison with other groups. The Y chromosome has many characteristics that make it favorable for investigating lineage. Almost all of the Y chromosome consists of non-recombining regions and the information is passed intact from generation to generation, from father to son. The variations, called polymorphisms, occur so infrequently that they are commonly called unique event polymorphisms (UEPs) (Stumpf and Goldstein, 2001). UEPs occur along male lines in 2 different time intervals, thus the changes can be compared between and among groups to examine relatedness and age by identifying variations (Bradman and Thomas 1998). More changes on the Y indicate an older line, and more shared sequences between Ys indicate a more similar gene pool. Once thought of as mainly junk, researchers have identified 20 different genes on the Y (Lowenstein, 1999). The function of Y is related to imparting maleness and to fertility (see figure 1). Figure 1: The human Y chromosome (Quintana-Murci et al. , 2000:173) Because most of the Y does not recombine, the Ycrm sm ise a a ui r tl ho oo es en s â€Å"n a n l p e ay t nm tdi ae ru† r s ie l kg gop which allows the history of the paternal line to be deduced (Poloni et a t n al. , 1997: 1015). The non-recombining section of the Y has the potential for a large number of different mutations (Stumpf and Goldstein, 2001). Because most variation in the Y is not expressed, changes are not selected for or against, which allows the record of these changes gets passed on (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). Four types of changes can occur between generations: microsatellites, minisatellites, snips and indels (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). Microsatellites are a section of repeats of a short 3 nucleotide sequence and minisatellites are a section of repeats of longer sequences. Snips refers to single nucleotide polymorphisms, meaning one nucleotide is changed. Indels are insertions or deletions of DNA in a particular location (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). An example of an indel is the Y chromosome Alu polymorphism (YAP). Alu is a sequence of about 300 base pairs which is inserted into a particular region of the DNA. There have been about half a million Alu insertions in human DNA and YAP is one of the more recent (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). Because they are unique event polymorphisms, YAP inserts and snips are unlikely to have arisen more than once in evolution (Thomas et al. 2000). An Alu can be copied, but it is not removed from a locus. After an Alu change, the YAP will accumulate new mutations at the same rate as surrounding DNA loci. One can think of an Alu insertion as a fossil, and patterns of new mutation allow the fossils to be sorted into lineages. (Dolan DNA Learning Center 2002). Different combinations of polymorphisms are known as haplotypes (Bradman and Thomas 1998). The more similar the haplotype frequencies of two populations, the more similar their biological history is likely to be (Bradman and Thomas 1998). Quintana-Murci, Krausz, and McElreavey caution that genetic drift, founder effects, and male-specific migration processes may lead to over-representation of specific haplotypes (2001). Genetic drift refers to random change in gene frequencies between generations which will cause frequencies to fluctuate up or down (Releford, 2003). After enough time and if no other forces are acting on a population, variation within a population will be reduced (Releford, 2003). The founder effect is a type of genetic drift where a small number of people form a new population, causing allele frequencies to deviate from the parent population (Releford, 2003). The Lemba Y 4 If Lemba migrated from Judea and Yemen and maintained the tradition of marrying only within the group, the Lemba Y haplotypes may be over-represented when compared to the neighboring populations. Thus, the Lemba Y is useful for comparison with African and Semitic populations their contribution to the Lemba. More genetic evidence of a non-Bantu origin for the Lemba is expected and found (Bradman and Thomas 1998). The Lemba Y has an additional genetic marker that indicates links to the Jewish priest class Cohen. Members cannot be appointed to this class and priesthood can only be inherited, thus a possible Jewish marker will be preserved down the line (Bradman and Thomas 1998; Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza 1995). Judaism began in Semitic tribes living about 4,000 years ago in the Middle East. In 586 B. C. , the Babylonian exile spread Jewish populations out of present-day Israel (Hammer et al. 2000). Hammer et al. (2000) used Y chromosome haplotypes to trace the parental origins of the Jewish Diaspora. Multi-dimensional scaling (figure 1 ) of frequencies of 18 Y-chromosome haplotypes in 29 populations produced three main clusters: sub-Saharan African, North African, and European. 5 Figure 2: Multi-dimensional scaling from Hammer et al. (2000:6772) The Jewish cluster appears in between the European and North African population clusters. The Lemba population is set halfway between sub-Saharan African and Jewish clusters (Hammer et al. 2000). Genetic and geographic distances were not correlated for other Jewish populations, which supports a recent dispersal and subsequent isolation model. Hammer et al. conclude that â€Å" m j pro o N Yb ll d e i .. ae to a common Middle Eastern source a a r ot n f R ili i rt . t cs o i aec v sy r ppli svr t uad erao (00 74. h iue lo ea an c i s f ou t n ee lh sn ya g†20: 7) T i s sf frvl t g lm o ao a o s 6 s u ui a Jewish origins as well as for supporting old ties to the Middle East. Once populations dispersed from the Middle East, gene flow with surrounding populations was likely. The Lemba present genetic markers identified with Bantu and Semitic populations (Spurdle and Jenkins, 1996; Wilson and Goldstein, 2000). Wilson and Goldstein (2000) examined 66 markers on the X chromosome to study the effect of admixture of Bantu and Semitic populations on linkage disequilibrium. Recent mutations will tend to have more linkage d eu i i (D t n i o eoe ( l n n G l tn20)â€Å" h s n i n i qib u L )h wl l r nsWio ad o s i 00. T e i ic t s lr m a ld s de, g fa difference between partially linked and unlinked loci rules out substructure as the sole source of the LD in the Lemba . . . Ethiopian-Bantu differentiation is not sufficient to produce the d eu i i osre it L m a ( l n n G l tn20: 2.T e oc s ns i qib u be dn h e b†Wio ad o s i 00 3) h cnl i i s lr m v e s de, 9 uo that the Lemba LD has two sources: parental population and admixture. Another examination on the worldwide distribution of Y haplotypes (Poloni et al. , 1997) found a significant correlation between genetic and linguistic distances. The picture of genetic affinities places the Lemba not with other sub-Saharan African populations but with Afro-Asiatic populations (figure 2 ) indicating admixture or a different parent population from other subSaharan groups. 6 Figure 3: Multi-dimensional scaling from Poloni et al. (1997:1019) Spurdle and Jenkins (1996) also looked at Bantu-Semitic variations to establish genetic affinities and offer a model for the origin of the Lemba. Their study analyzed allele frequencies of Y-linked Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphisms (RLFPs). Ht4 is a typical Negroid haplotype and it is found in the Lemba sample at a frequency of . 20, which indicates significant Negroid male gene flow into the Lemba (Spurdle and Jenkins, 1996). Ht7, Ht8, and Ht11 are Caucasoid markers and the Lemba show high frequencies of these markers as well. These haplotypes seem to be typical of Jewish populations but also occur in Asiatic Indians, thus it is not possible to distinguish between Semitic and Asiatic Indian sources with these markers (Spurdle and Jenkins, 1996). The allele frequencies of the Lemba are significantly different from those of the Bantu-speaking Negroid population and the European population but not from those of the Jewish group. Spurdle and Jenkins (1996) conclude that 50% of the Lemba Y chromosomes analyzed appear to be of Caucasoid origin, and 36% appear to be of Negroid origin. 7. One possible method for distinguishing a Semitic origin, versus a general Middle Eastern origin, of the Lemba is to make comparisons with the Cohen modal haplotype, which is dominant in the Jewish priesthood (Thomas et al. , 1998). There are three castes of Jewish males: Cohanim, the paternally inherited priesthood; Leviim, non-Cohen members of the paternally defined priestly tribe of Levi; Israelites, all non-Cohen and non-Levite Jews (Thomas et al. , 1998). If the Lemba Y has Jewish origins, the Cohen modal haplotype is expected to be present. Thomas et al. (2000) continue the study of Bantu and Semitic markers in the Lemba adding the investigation of the Cohen modal haplotypes. Y chromosomes were analyzed for six microsatellites and six biallelic markers in the Lemba, Bantu, Yemini-Handramaut, YemeniSena, Sephardic Jews, and Ashkenazic Jews. The twelve polymorphic markers were characterized in multiple Jewish populations and identified single haplotypes (Thomas et al. , 2000). Genealogical trees were drawn based on microsatellite variation to explore possible origins of the Lemba Y chromosomes (Thomas et al., 2000). The trees can be used to assess whether each Lemba haplotype has a close genealogical relationship with one or more haplotypes in the other five populations. Trees for the individual haplotypes were drawn for each UEP group by measures of average squared distance and proportion of shared alleles (Thomas et al. , 2000). Thomas et al. (2000) designate 67. 6% of Lemba chromosomes as having a Semitic origin and the other 32. 4% to have a Bantu origin. The high frequency of the Cohen modal haplotype in the general Lemba population supports a Jewish contribution to Lemba gene pool found. The Cohen modal haplotype is observed only moderately in Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites, in a single Yemeni, and is present in a very low frequency in Palestinian Arabs (Thomas et al. , 2000). The genetic evidence is consistent with the Lemba oral history of Jewish origins in a population outside of Africa followed by admixture with Bantu neighbors. 8 Culture Oral tradition and Origins of Lemba The Lemba people claim ancient Jewish origins. According to oral history, they come from Judea, from whence they traveled to Sena. From Sena they crossed into Africa, moving down the coast, building great cities in Zimbabwe, and finally settling the northern part of South Africa. Additionally, the Lemba assert Jewish identity through their customs of food prohibitions, ritual slaughter of animals, and circumcision (Buijs, 1998; NOVA 1999; Parfitt 1992). These are not black people who have been recently converted to Judaism. Judaism is not a proselytizing faith thus conversion and intermarriage as an explanation for Jewish genes is unlikely (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza, 1995). However, many groups across the world claim connections to lost tribes of Israel (Parfitt, 1992). Furthermore, the surge in Lemba Jewish identity is connected to political economy and other social circumstances in South Africa in the last fifty years (Buijs, 1998). The Lemba say they came from the North, possibly from Judea. Then they went to Sena, they crossed Pusela and came to Africa, where they broke the law of God and were scattered across African nations (NOVA, 1999). Parfitt (1992) located Sena in a remote valley of Southern Yemen. Parfitt reasons that Pusela is similar to the Masilah River, which they would have had to cross to get from Sena to the sea. The port town of Sayhut was used for Arab exploration of Africa. In Hadramaut, the valley where Sena is located, tribes have the same names as Lemba tribe names (NOVA, 1999; Parfitt, 1992). Genetic samples of Lemba and of people in the Hadramaut showed similar features as well as the Cohen modal haplotype (NOVA, 1999). Lemba Identity in South Africa 9 The Lemba live in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, but according to Buijs it is only in South Africa where one finds the belief of Jewish origins (1998). The Semitic identity was propagated by early white missionaries and colonial officials; their writings emphasized differences of the Lemba by comparison with European Jewish communities (Buijs, 1998). T ee ri supr d a e o o a ii tdn t (u s19: 1. u s19) o s hs w in spot â€Å"n t s f d t ci ty B i,98 6) B i (98 nt tg e h sn e i † j 6 j e that the Lemba were aware of their distinct cultural heritage prior to colonization, but when ethnic identity became important in Apartheid, the Lemba Cultural Association (LCA) became a m d mfrosut g peet a Jws H rae B i asr,T eniec ..n ei o cnt cn a r n dy e i e t . u s s t â€Å" h i s ne . O u r i s h ig j es st their Jewish heritage is a direct result of the struggle for resources, initially land and later civil sri j sit N r e Tasaln V na (98 6) Ietyi l i r i ad e c o , h ot r r vaad ed†19: 2. dn t n u n a a n ve b n e hn n 6 i, c d g c l ethnic identities, is not a static concept. Identity, especially during Apartheid, was tied to power. The Lemba Cultural Association was founded in the 1940s when Europeans were encroaching o r or s T e C polm d spr e u uai n tadh L m a i pr ne n e uc .h L A rc i e a ea tcl r d ty n t e b’ m ot c s e a a t l ei e s a identified the Lemba with a non-African community (Buijs, 1998). During Apartheid, literally meaning separation, people were classified by race: white, cl e,n b c. n’sc laaits e df e acri tt s cnet( e o r ad l k O e oi cpb ie w r e nd cod go h e ocp s od a s a li e i n e se Mandela 1994 for a first hand description of the Apartheid system). The Apartheid government, the white minority, knew that if black people were united, the white autonomy would be threatened. They instituted a Bantu education system that further classified blacks according to tribe and encouraged local identity and rule in hopes of keeping blacks divided (Mandela 1994). In the 1980s, as the white hold on power was becoming more and more challenged, the gvrm nc a d i eednhm l d† h h e stp uhhthy e sl oe etr t â€Å" dpneto e ns w i w r eu sc t t w r tl n ee n a c e a e ei 10 overseen by South Africa but the government no longer provided money or services to these areas. Lemba in Venda Vendaland was created and within these bounds were the Lemba. Before the independent hm l diw saoalfrBak e s ti n f t m e e ad e e o e n, a f r eo â€Å" l Jw †o d tyh sl s n b r a t v b c ei e v cognized as Lemba, because they were associated with whites and considered superior to other Blacks. However, in t â€Å" l k o e n,w e b cseu t io n oe m n ibcm m rf oalt h Ba hm l d hr l k stph r w gvr et tea e oe a r eo e c a † e a e n , v b be Black and not associated with whites. A highly placed civil servant in Venda government cm et â€Å" i t V na e e a etgop I t s dy w w rl h o m n d ‘ t h ed w w r n le ru. nh e as e e i t e wh e e i o e g -skinned .. . V nar t u l e sro uprl s . t C oe pol (a i,92 8. h h ed t a d si a otf pec s.. e hsn ep †Prt 19: ) T i e ee k a h e ft 7 s refers to the days of their arrival in southern Africa. At the beginning of the century, in spite of the dark skin, the Lemba were commonly called valungu – white men (Parfitt, 1992). The civil srate a e,‘ sog s vrt n ge j ti , y e g L m a os’matter . . . e nr r dâ€Å" l a ee h g osu f em bi a e b dent v m k A n yi s n n B tson sh g s rgi w ogiiar u do y e b oi n†19: ) T e ua so a t nst to g rn, s ti t tm L m a r i (92 7.h i a n t tb e g’ 7 status and identity of the Lemba has not been fixed and it has not always been Jewish. Proclaiming a form of Judaism is an event of the 19th century, but it does come from an o e cm la d eg u i n f ao (a i 19)â€Å" h L m a e e a a i l my l r o p ct r i osd ti t n Prt 92. T e e b si d prc a t d, i e li e ic i ft z tu r h and used it as a means of ridding themselves of a rather ancient ambiguity at a time when new ambiguities were being created every dy (a i,9225. T e e b igop i a†Prt 19:5) h L m as ru wt ft h particular traditional practices, and some say they are not a religious group but a cultural one (Sand, 2002). The Lemba culture today points to ancient Hebrew origins but some Lemba practice Christianity and Islam (Sand, 2002). The practices they do ascribe to ancient Jews would 11 not be identified as Judaism in the West, however they have adopted more Jewish traditions in recent years (Sand, 2002). Lemba today In post-Apartheid times, the Lemba identity is flourishing. They continue to have LCA meetings (Buijs 1998). Websites about their heritage and culture are published on the Internet. People in South Africa can identify themselves with whatever group or groups they please. About 80,000 Lemba live in the Venda area of the Limpopo Province in South Africa as well as the Johannesburg township of Soweto (Buijs, 1998; Sand, 2002). Lemba are also found in villages in the southwestern region of Zimbabwe (Buijs, 1998; Sand, 2002). In the Venda region, people speak TshiVenda. Another day when Rudzani and I were walking through the shopping center, he called up to a man with a phrase I did not understand. With a twinkle in his eyes, he told me that was the traditional greeting for a Jewish brother. Again, I let that pass, thinking he could translate it to mean whatever he wanted since I did not know TshiVenda (a favorite joke of my friends there). In reflection and after research, I do not doubt the old Jewish ties and if I go back to South Africa, I will be sure to find out more. Conclusion The problem with constructing the history of the Lemba identity is that it has been passed down through oral tradition. When it was recorded at the turn of the twentieth century, it is possible the outside visitors were biased or projecting a Jewish identity on the Lemba. Genetic data support the oral tradition, and genetic research has identified anomalies in the Lemba population. Across the articles, the same information about the oral tradition and culture of the Lemba was offered. Ethnographic study of the Lemba traditions, not in contrast to Jews or other Africans, is needed to understand what being Lemba means today. Further research considering political 12 economy, as Buijs did, will continue to fill out the picture of constructions and projections of identity for the Black Jews of South Africa. 13 Works Cited Bradman N, and Thomas M. 1998. Why Y? The Y chromosome in the study of human evolution, migration, and prehistory. Science Spectra, 14. Electronic document, http://www. ucl. ac. uk/tcga/ScienceSpectra-pages/SciSpect-14-98. html. , accessed November 19, 2002 Buijs G. 1998 Black Jews in the Northern Province: A study of ethnic identity in South Africa. Ethnic Racial Studies, 21:661-682. Cavalli-Sforza LL, and F Cavalli-Sforza. 1995. The Great Human Diasporas. Reading, MA: Addison Weasley Publishing Company. Dolan DNA Learning Center. Genetic Origins: Alu Insertion Polymorphism. 2002. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Electronic document, http://www.geneticorigins. org/geneticorigins/pv92/aluframeset. htm, accessed November 19, 2002. Hammer MF, Redd AJ, Wood ET, Bonner MR, Jarjanazi H, Karafet T, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Oppenheim A, Jobling MA, Jenkins T, Ostrer H, and B Bonne-Tamir. 2000. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97:6769-6774. Hammer MF, Spurdle AB, Karafet T, Bonner MR, Wood ET, Novelletto A, Malaspina P, Mitchell RJ, Horai S, Jenkins T, and SL Zegura. 1997. The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation. Genetics, 145:787-805. Lowenstein JM. 1999. Why the Y? California Wild. Electronic document, http://www. calacademy. org/calwild/spring99/counter. htm, accessed November 19, 2002 MacEachern S. 2000. Genes, Tribes, and African History. Current Anthropology, 41:357-384. 14 Mandela, Neslon. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom: the Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little Brown Co. N V O l eL stbs fs e T dr a i’r a alj re. 00( oe br O A n n. otr e o I al uo Prtse r b o ny20. N vm e i i r . ft m k e u 2000). Electronic document, http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/israel/parfitt. html, accessed November 19, 2002. Parfitt, Tudor. 1992. Journey to the Vanished City: Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Poloni ES, Semino O, Passarino G, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Dupanloup I, Langaney A, and L Excoffier. 1997. Human genetic affinities for Y-chromosome P49a,f/TaqI haplotypes show strong correspondence with linguistics. American Journal of Human Genetics, 61:1015-1035. Quintana-Murci L, Krausz C, and K McElreavey. 2001. The human Y chromosome: function, evolution and disease. Forensic Science International, 118:169-181. Releford, JH. 2003. The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology, 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Sand, JP.2002. The Jews of Africa: The Lemba of Southern Africa. Electronic document, http://www. mindspring. com/~jaypsand/lemba. htm. accessed November 18, 2002. Spurdle, AB. 1994. The Y-ALU polymorphism in Southern African populations and its relationship to other Y-specific polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics, 54:319-330. Spurdle A. and T Jenkins. 1996. The origins of the Lemba Black Jews of Southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-Chromosome markers. American Journal of Human Genetics, 59:1126-1133. 15 Stumpf MPH, and DB Goldstein. 2001. Genealogical and evolutionary inference with the human Y chromosome. Science. 291:1738-1742. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA, Skorecki K, Wilson JF, le Roux M, Bradman N, and DB Goldstein. 2000. Y chromosomes traveling south: the Cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lembathe Black Jews of Southern Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics, 66 (2): 674-686. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben-Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, and DB Goldstein. 1998. Origins of old testament priests. Nature, 394:138-140. Wilson JF, and DB Goldstein. 2000. Consistent long-range linkage disequilibrium generated by admixture in a Bantu-Semitic hybrid population. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67:926-935. 16.

bio :: essays research papers

Bio-molecules are built by assembling atoms, by virtue of covalent bonds. The most collective elements that can be discovered in biomolecules are the CHNOPS element, which stands for the basic abbreviation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Each one of these elements has a specific valence. A valence resolves the number from the covalent bonds it can be able to form. Presuming on the total of electrons in the exterior shell that decides the ability of an atom to connect with other atoms. Every atom may have one or more protons, which carry a positive electric charge. Protons and neutrons form the atoms in atomic nucleus. Electrons transfer a negative charge and fill most of the atoms volume. Every atom has the equivalent number of electrons as protons. By no means we know that an atom carries no charge making it neutral. In the event that atoms share an electron pair this is called a covalent bond. Every atom grows more solid by sharing its uneven electron with t he other. We shall discuss the polar and non-polar covalent bonds. Within a polar covalent bond, atoms of different elements do not install the same pull on shared electrons. The atom that receives the electron ends up with a slender negative charge making it electronegative. While non-polar method states that there is no difference in charge between to ends of the bond, atoms share the electrons evenly . A worthy explanation is to say that molecular hydrogen is non-polar. The types of electrons sharing in covalent bonds contain atoms together in positive arrangements in molecules. Hydrogen bond are weak bonds that can draw water molecules to each other, but results from electrostatic temptation between electronegative atoms together with a hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently up to a second electronegative atom. In water molecule it has no net charge, however it does carry unevenly distribution. So we know that Hydrogen bonds may be able to form between two or more molecules. In form of unlike biological molecules, they rely on sure characteristic gatherings of atoms called functional groups. The six majority functional groups are as follows: amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. bio :: essays research papers Bio-molecules are built by assembling atoms, by virtue of covalent bonds. The most collective elements that can be discovered in biomolecules are the CHNOPS element, which stands for the basic abbreviation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Each one of these elements has a specific valence. A valence resolves the number from the covalent bonds it can be able to form. Presuming on the total of electrons in the exterior shell that decides the ability of an atom to connect with other atoms. Every atom may have one or more protons, which carry a positive electric charge. Protons and neutrons form the atoms in atomic nucleus. Electrons transfer a negative charge and fill most of the atoms volume. Every atom has the equivalent number of electrons as protons. By no means we know that an atom carries no charge making it neutral. In the event that atoms share an electron pair this is called a covalent bond. Every atom grows more solid by sharing its uneven electron with t he other. We shall discuss the polar and non-polar covalent bonds. Within a polar covalent bond, atoms of different elements do not install the same pull on shared electrons. The atom that receives the electron ends up with a slender negative charge making it electronegative. While non-polar method states that there is no difference in charge between to ends of the bond, atoms share the electrons evenly . A worthy explanation is to say that molecular hydrogen is non-polar. The types of electrons sharing in covalent bonds contain atoms together in positive arrangements in molecules. Hydrogen bond are weak bonds that can draw water molecules to each other, but results from electrostatic temptation between electronegative atoms together with a hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently up to a second electronegative atom. In water molecule it has no net charge, however it does carry unevenly distribution. So we know that Hydrogen bonds may be able to form between two or more molecules. In form of unlike biological molecules, they rely on sure characteristic gatherings of atoms called functional groups. The six majority functional groups are as follows: amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate.